HCI_H2_HIST_IH

This document consists of 4 printed pages. HWA CHONG INSTITUTION JC2 Preliminary Examination Higher 2 CANDIDATE NAME CT GROUP INDEX NUMBER HISTORY International History, c. 1945 – 2000 Additional Materials: Answer Paper 9731/01 September 2016 3 hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name and CT class clearly in the spaces at the top of this page. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Attempt both Section A and Section B. Attempt one question from Section A and only three questions from Section B. Please start every question on a fresh sheet of paper and label each question clearly. If you did not manage to complete a question, please hand in a piece of blank paper with your name and CT on it. At the end of the examination, fasten your responses with the string provided together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks.

9731/01/HCI/PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION/2016 2 Section A You must answer Question 1. The Post-Cold War Secretary General of the United Nations 1. Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A Mr Boutros-Ghali has repeatedly pointed out that the unprecedented financial crisis that the organization is going through is due not to current expenditure, but to the cost of peace-keeping operations. Since 1992 this ha s increased fourfold, from 600 million dollars to 2.6 billion. The "blue berets" have intervened on 17 different occasions in the last four years - with United States agreement. This has not stopped Washington withholding its dues from the UN: these now amount to 1.5 billion dollars, more than half of what the organization is owed. The secr etary-general has therefore not hesitated to take the United States to task, though often not by name. Mr Boutros-Ghali complains publicly that the Americans are making his work more difficult, that the members of the Security Council are giving him impossible tasks and that they are trying to escape responsibility for their own failures by laying them at the door of UN officials. A journalist in a French left wing newspaper, 1996 Source B The failures of the United Nations should not be blamed just on the great powers. They owe as much to the mindset of U.N. administrators, who think that no problem in the world is too intractable to be solved by negotiation. These mandarins fail to grasp that men with guns do not respect men with nothing but flapping gums. A good example of this incomprehension was Annan's negotiations with Saddam Hussein. In 1998, Annan undertook shuttle diplomacy to Baghdad, reached a deal with Saddam to continue weapons inspections, and declared him "a m an I can do business with." Almost immediately Saddam flouted his agreement with Annan. A large part of the prob