ACJC H2 HIST IH P1

© ACJC 2016 8814/9731/JC2 Preliminary Examinations/16 1 ANGLO-CHINESE JUNIOR COLLEGE Preliminary Examinations JC2 HISTORY 8814/01 9731/01 Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 17 August 2016 3 hours Additional Materials: Writing Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your class, index number, and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. Begin each question on a fresh sheet of paper. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This document consists of 4 printed pages. © ACJC History Department 2016 [Turn over

© ACJC 2016 8814/9731/JC2 Preliminary Examinations/16 2 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE UN SECRETARY-GENERAL AND CIVIL WAR IN LEBANON 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the Sources both individually and as a group. Source A The Security Council, Having considered the letter dated 1 May 1978 from the Secretary-General to the President of the Security Council, Recalling its resolutions 425 (1978) and 426 (1978) of 19 March 1978, 1. Approves the increase in the strength of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) requested by the Secretary-General from 4,000 to approximately 6,000 troops; 2. Takes note of the withdrawal of Israeli forces that has taken place so far; 3. Calls upon Israel to complete its withdrawal from all Lebanese territory without any further delay; 4. Deplores the attacks on the United Nations Force that have occurred and demands full respect for the United Nations Force from all parties in Lebanon. From the UN Security Council Resolution 427, 3 May 1978. Source B In UNIFIL, the Secretary-General was saddled wi th the problems which resulted from its flawed terms of reference of 1978, and the Israeli invasion of 1982. The mandate remained as unrealistic as ever, because of the presence of PLO, Syrian and Israeli forces or client forces. UNIFIL did not represent an uninterrupted cordon along the Lebanese border. It appears the initial rush and political pressure upon Waldheim to deploy, left a legacy of political and organizational problems to his successor. The Secretary-General’s efforts in the 1980s – personally and through Brian Urquhart and then Marrack Goulding – to bring peace to southern Lebanon and ‘restore’ Lebanese authority were largely frustrated. However, at a more local level, opportunities to quell small-scale fighting, facilitate communication, and protect the lo cal population, were fulfilled to an impressive extent. The UN continued to communicate with senior representatives of the principal parties, achieving minor agreements in an exercise of conflict management. The Secretary-General’s Office continued to issue frank and sometime s outspoken public reports on the status and frustrations of UNIFIL, thereby exerting at least some leverage upon the parties. From a book written by British academic, Edward Newman, ‘The UN Secretary-General from the Cold War to the New Era’, 1998.

© ACJC 2016 8814/9731/JC2 Preliminary Examinations/16 3 Source C Mr.Perez de Cuellar could hardly be described as passionate in carrying out the often tedious duties of Secretary General of the United Nations. Today, however, as the Security Council and General Assembly unanimously elected him to a second five-year term, he flashed a smile and for an instant seemed genuinely happy. When he starts his new term on January 1, Mr. Perez de Cuellar, 66 years old, will be the oldest person to have held the $193,000-a-year Secretary General's job. He will face most of the same international problems and regional conflicts that were there five years ago: the war in Afghanistan, the Iran-Iraq war, conflicts in Cambodia, Central America and southern Africa, the Palestinian question, and the Lebanese civil war. Mr. Perez de Cuellar has drawn sharp criticism from the Israelis for his handling of the conflict in Lebanon. He achieved no major diplomatic victory in his first term, but did enjoy a few minor achievements. His critics charge he is overly cautious in a job t hat is ill defined and depends on the personality of its holder. From The New York Times, 11 October 1986. Source D UNIFIL is interesting in the contemporary context. It is an operation about whose viability the then Secretary-General and his senior advisers had doubts. It was nevertheless pushed through the Security Council by the United States for pressi ng, if passing, political reasons: US President Carter was launching the negotiations which were to lead to the Camp David Accords and did not want that process derailed by the Israeli invasion of Lebanon which had just taken place. UNIFIL has not been able to carry out its mandate because it has never enjoyed the necessary cooperation from all the parties concerned. From a lecture by Under-Secretrary-General of the United Nations, Marrack Goulding, 4 March 1993. Source E A private comment about Perez de Cuellar was echoed by the international press when he was first elected Secretary-General of the United Nations, in December 1981. He was “somebody who could fall off a boat without making waves”. In his characteristic style, Perez de Cuellar shrugged his shoulders when he heard the criticism and ignored it altogether. Conflicts of nerves and wills is the perpetual envi ronment of the Secretary-General. He has been held personally responsible “to history and mankind” by an Iraqi minister for the destruction suffered by Iraq during the recent conflict in the Middle East; the French government has in several instances asked him to immediately investigate allegations about the violence in Lebanon; leftist groups in South Africa have blamed him for being a passive instrument of apartheid, while the Pretoria government has at the same time accused him of being a leftist agitator. A wave maker he certainly was not. From a publication by a human rights group, October 1991. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A–E support the view that Perez de Cuellar should bear the most blame for the failure of UNIFIL during the civil war in Lebanon (1978-1991)?

© ACJC 2016 8814/9731/JC2 Preliminary Examinations/16 4 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2 ‘The causes of the Cold War in Europe are to be found in the rise of the USA and USSR as superpowers after WWII.’ How far do you agree? 3 Which of the following has the best claim to mark the end of the Cold War: the signing of the INF Treaty; the fall of the Berlin Wall; or the collapse of the USSR? Explain your answer. 4 ‘US dominance of the global economy was more detrimental than beneficial.’ How far do you agree with this view of the period 1945-2000? 5 Did the rise of religious fundamentalism between 1970 and 2000 have a greater impact on the regional security of the Middle East or South Asia? 6 Examine the responsibility of outside powers for the continuation, up to 2000, of the Indo- Pakistani dispute ove