ACJC_H2_HIST_IH_Suggested_approaches_SBQ_Essays

International History 1945-2000 JC2 Preliminary Examinations 2016 Suggested Approaches 1 ACJC/ History Dept./ JC2/ 2016 JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2016 INTERNATIONAL HISTORY (8814/9731) SUGGESTED APPROACHES SECTION A THE UN SECRETARY-GENERAL AND CIVIL WAR IN LEBANON Source A The Security Council, Having considered the letter dated 1 May 1978 from the Secretary-General to the President of the Security Council, Recalling its resolutions 425 (1978) and 426 (1978) of 19 March 1978, 1. Approves the increase in the strength of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) requested by the Secretary-General from 4,000 to approximately 6,000 troops; 2. Takes note of the withdrawal of Israeli forces that has taken place so far; 3. Calls upon Israel to complete its withdrawal from all Lebanese territory without any further delay; 4. Deplores the attacks on the United Nations Force that have occurred and demands full respect for the United Nations Force from all parties in Lebanon. From the UN Security Council Resolution 427, 3 May 1978. Source B In UNIFIL, the Secretary-General was saddled with the problems which resulted from its flawed terms of reference of 1978, and the Israeli invasion of 1982. The ma ndate remained as unrealistic as ever, because of the presence of PLO, Syrian and Israeli forces or client fo rces. UNIFIL did not represent an uninterrupted cordon along the Lebanese border. It appears the initial rush and political pressure upon Waldheim to deploy, left a legacy of political and organizational problems to his successor. The Secret ary-General’s efforts in the 1980s – personally and through Brian Urquhart and then Marrack Goulding – to bring peace to southern Lebanon and ‘restore’ Lebanese authority were largely frustrated. However, at a more local level, opportunities to quell small-scale fighting, facilitate communication, and protect the local population, were fulfilled to an impressive extent. The UN continued to communicate with senior representatives of the principal parties, achieving minor agreements in an exercise of conflict management. The Secretary-General’s Office continued to issue frank and sometimes outspoken public reports on the status and frustrations of UNI FIL, thereby exerting at least some leverage upon the parties. From a book written by British academic, Edward Newman, ‘The UN Secretary-General from the Cold War to the New Era’, 1998. Source C Mr.Perez de Cuellar could hardly be described as passionate in carrying out the often tedious duties of Secretary General of the United Nations. Today, however, as th e Security Council and General Assembly unanimously elected him to a second five-year term, he flashed a smile and for an instant seemed genuinely happy. When he starts his new term on January 1, Mr. Perez de Cuellar, 66 years old, will be the oldest person to have held the $193,000-a-year Secretary General's job. He will face most of the same interna