CJC H2 HIST SEA P2

© CJC 2016 This paper consists of 4 printed pages. CATHOLIC JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2016 HISTORY 9731/02 Paper 2 History of Southeast Asia, 1900 - 1997 Monday, 29 August 2016 0800-1100hrs (3 hours) No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and home tutorial group on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES All questions in this paper carry equal marks. Start each answer on a fresh sheet of paper. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers.

© CJC 2016 This paper consists of 4 printed pages. Section A You must answer Question 1. ASEAN after the Cold War 1. Read the sources and then answer the question which follows. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the sources both individually and as a group. Source A ASEAN’s irrelevance or even death has been predicted several times before. At its birth in 1967, few people thought it would live to see another decade, given that the two previous attempts at regional cooperation in Southeast Asia — the Association of Southeast A sia and the MAPHILINDO (Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia) concept — ended within a few years after their creation. The end of the Cold War in 1991 and the outbreak of the Asian financial crisis in 1997, have all been seen as critical blows to ASEAN. Moreover, what is the state of intra-ASEAN relations? The lack of solidarity does not inspire confidence and simmering rivalries and mistrust continue to cloud relationships within ASEAN member states. View from a US based ASEAN Studies Centre, 2011. Source B The Paris Peace Agreement on Cambodia was signed … on 23 October 1991. It was greeted by the ASEAN states with a strong sense of euphoria and self -congratulation. Speaking at the concluding session of the Paris conference…Foreign Secretary Raul Manglap us of the Philippines, “acknowledge[d] with pride…the successful contribution of ASEAN to the process that produced this triumphal event.” Malaysia’s Foreign Minister reminded the conference delegates that ASEAN had “always, despite the many obstacles, per sisted in its search for a peaceful and comprehensive settlement of the Cambodian conflict” and should therefore be entitled to “a sense of fulfilment and achievement”. An excerpt from a book about Southeast Asia, written by a historian in 2001. Source C We, the ASEAN Foreign Ministers, express our serious concern over recent developments which affect peace and stability in the South China Sea. We urge all concerned to remain faithful to the letter and spirit of the Manila Declaration on the South China Sea which we issued in July 1992 and which has been endorsed by other countries and the Non- Aligned Movement. The Manila Declaration urges all concerned to resolve differences in the South China Sea by peaceful means and to refrain from taking actions that de-stabilize the situation. We call upon all parties to refrain from taking actions that destabilize the region and further threaten the peace and security of the South China Sea. We specifically call for the early resolution of the problems caused by recent developments in Mischief Reef.

© CJC 2016 This paper consists of 4 printed pages. Statement by ASEAN Foreign Ministers on the Recent Developments in the South China Sea, 18 March 1995. Source D The main reason behind the willingness of the Cambodian factions to agree on the establishment of the Supreme National Council (SNC) was not directly influenced by ASEAN’s diplomacy, but by the pressure of the “Perm -Five”. It was the “Perm -Five” who pressed all Cambodian factions to hold elections in 1993 and the UN produced five resolutions allowing th e UN to monitor peace and democratization process in Cambodia through UNTAC. This was a triumph as it successfully transformed the fighting among Cambodian disputants in battlefields into national elections. This success was, of course, the result of the ASEAN’s continuous efforts in seeking political solutions to the problem of power -sharing among Cambodian conflicted parties, and these contributions can be seen in ASEAN’s consistent desire to engage the UN in monitoring the peace and democratization process in Cambodia plus consistent ASEAN efforts to provide platforms for relevant parties to seek resolutions to the conflict. From a book published by the Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace, 2009. Source E An atmosphere of optimism and confiden ce permeated this week’s first ASEAN Regional Forum in Bangkok. Despite the horrific prospects for war on the Korean peninsula, the rhetoric dwelt on the vision of pan-pacific harmony and an end to crude balances of power that passed for security. This was entirely misleading. In reality, the undercurrents of Asia’s ancient enmities and suspicions are now resurfacing in the absence of superpower stand-off. The conduct of the Bangkok forum was a clear demonstration that Beijing is expanding its influence to dominate East and Southeast Asia. China had taken control of the agenda and the other delegates were forced to go along with Beijing. No. There would be no multilateral talks on the Spratly Islands. No. The first ASEAN regional forum would not move quickly to establish any formal security network to avoid potential clashes. Well before the conference, Chinese diplomats in South -East Asian capitals had called on the foreign ministries in their host countries to pass on Beijing's desire for the forum to rej ect any ambitious security agenda. This instruction was observed. The Sydney Morning Herald, 28 July 1994. Now answer the following question: How far do sources A -E support the view that ASEAN , as an organization, has been effective in the post-Cold War period?

© CJC 2016 This paper consists of 4 printed pages. Section B You must answer three questions from this section 2. Nationalist disunity or colonial actions: which factor was more important in determining the success of nationalism in Southeast Asia before World War Two? 3. How far can the end of colonial rule in Southeast Asia be explained by international circumstances? 4. “Democracy was a failure in newly-independent Southeast Asian states.” How far do you agree? 5. Assess the view that the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997 was fundamentally cause d by poor economic policies of Southeast Asian States. 6. To what extent were racial and religious disputes the greatest cause of inter -state tensions between the independent states of Southeast Asia?