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RAFFLES INSTITUTION Year 6 Preliminary Examinations 2016 HISTORY 9731/02 Higher 2 13 September 2016 Paper 2 History of Southeast Asia c1900-1997 3 hours   COVER SHEET Name : CT class : Question No. For Examiner’s Use Only Marks 1 TOTAL

Raffles Institution 2016 9731/02/2016   2 RAFFLES INSTITUTION Year 6 Preliminary Examinations 2016 HISTORY 9731/02 Higher 2 13 September 2016 Paper 2 History of Southeast Asia c1900-1997 3 hours   READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and CT class on the cover sheet and all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Indicate the question numbers attempted in the space provided on the cover sheet. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work and the cover sheet securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks.   This document consists of 6 printed pages, including the cover sheet.

Raffles Institution 2016 9731/02/2016   3 Section A You must answer Question 1. ASEAN AND REGIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the sources both individually and as a group. Source A One must, therefore, conclude…that our over-involvement in Vietnam served no useful catalytic purpose. The ‘time gained’ has at best created a sense of self-dependence in most of the countries…Whether ASEAN, in due time , can promote a larger regional identity remains to be seen, but the outlook at the moment is not especially encouraging. There are too many rivalries, commercial, political, and racial, to warrant much optimism, though it is possible, as for example in the case of the Muslim disturbances in the Philippines, that sooner or later a formula for mediation may be found within the region itself. An American journalist commenting on the American withdrawal from Southeast Asia in 1975. Source B ASEAN's positive image was built around four areas of accomplishment in its first three decades. First, it was able to survive as Asia's only multipurpose regional organization after China and India failed in their attempts at regional institution building. Second, since 1967 no ASEAN member has engaged a fellow ASEAN member in major armed confrontation, in spite of occasional border skirmishes (not ably between Thailand and Myanmar in 2001) and bilateral territorial disputes and political tensions (particularly between Singapore and Malaysia). Third, ASEAN was instrumental in bringing the decade-long Vietnamese- Cambodian conflict to the negotiating table in 1989 and in reaching a peace agreement in 1991. Vietnam, then seen as an obstacle to regional stability, is now a valued member of the organization. Finally, as the Cold War ended, it was ASEAN which provided the platform for building broader regional institutions that would engage a rising China and other major players in East Asia. Without ASEAN's neutral facilitating role, China might not have joined the ASEAN Regional Forum, established in 1994 as East Asia's only official multilateral security forum. From an academic article titled ‘ASEAN at 40: Mid-Life Rejuvenation’, published in 2007.

Raffles Institution 2016 9731/02/2016   4 Source C 8. Recognizing that the maintenance of regional peace and stability served the interests of all parties, they [ASEAN and China] undertook to resolve their differences or disputes through peaceful means, without resorting to the threat or use of force, The parties concerned agreed to resolve their disputes in the South China Sea through friendly consultations and negotiations in accordance with universally recognized international law, including the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. 9. China appreciated and supported ASEAN's pos itive role in international and regional affairs. China reaffirmed that it would respec t and support the efforts of ASEAN to establish a Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality in Southeast Asia. In this connection, China welcomed the entry into force of the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon- Free Zone Treaty. The two sides also welcomed the ongoing consultations between the State Parties to the Treaty and the Nuclear Weapon States to facilitate the accession by the latter to the Protocol of the SEANWFZ Treaty…ASEAN member states reaffirmed their continued adherence to the "one China" policy. Joint Statement of the Meeting of Heads of State/Government of the ASEAN Member States and the President of the People's Republic of China signed in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on the 16 December 1997. Source D ASEAN’s ability to affect the post-cold war regi onal security environment lies in its capacity to define the norms and rules governing the conduct of international relations in Southeast Asia. If the great powers decide to follow ASEAN’s lead, they will do so because they recognise the utility of doing so…The coercive diplomacy that ASEAN effectively applied against Vietnam cannot work when dealing with large, powerful states…If these states violate the norms of ASEAN’s Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, ASEAN will have recourse to very few options. The only way it could use sanctions to punish such violations would be through the support of other great powers. From an article written by a Canadian academic in 1998.

Raffles Institution 2016 9731/02/2016   5 Source E Allow me to elaborate on the question of the “ASEAN way”. First and foremost, the United States must recognize the cultural diversity among ASEAN countries. They are also at different levels of economic, social and political development. ASEAN has always adopted the step-by-step approach, which is moving at a pace comfortable to all. The ASEAN comfort level has been established as a result of the common observance of certain fundamental values and principles. These include mutual respect for national sovereignty, equality and territorial integrity as well as non-interference, peaceful settlement of disputes, renunciation of the threat or use of force, effective regional cooperation and decision-making by consensus. It may appear difficult to comprehend the utility of the values and principles I have just outlined. But, I wish to state that it is because of these shared values and principles that ASEAN has remained intact, united, and relevant to the region and still going strong since its establishment in 1967. Extract from a speech by the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Abdullah Badawi, at an Asia Society Forum in 2005. Now answer the following question. “ASEAN has played a pivotal role in maintaining peace and security in Southeast Asia after 1976.” How far do Sources A-E support this statement?

Raffles Institution 2016 9731/02/2016   6 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. You must support each answer with examples drawn from at least three countries. 2 Which was more important in the development of nationalist movements in Southeast Asia before World War II: leadership or ideology? 3 To what extent did World War II bring about the end of colonial rule in Southeast Asia? 4 Assess the impact of communism on the political stability in the independent Southeast Asian states. 5 To what extent was the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 a result of government mismanagement? 6 How important were ideological differences in causi