PJC H1 H2 HIST P1

1 Candidate's Name : _____________________________ CT Group : ______ ` Index no.________ PIONEER JUNIOR COLLEGE History H1/H2 Paper 1 JC 2 Preliminary Examinations 2016 H1 8814 H2 9731 Tues 20 th September 2016 0800 – 1100 hrs INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: Answer Question 1 from Section A and any 3 questions from Section B. Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided. If you use more than one sheet of paper, fasten the sheets together. Information to candidates: All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are reminded of the need for grammatically correct English and clear presentation in your answers. For official use Question No. Full Marks Marks Obtained ( 1 ) /25 ( ) /25 ( ) /25 ( ) /25 TOTAL: 100

2 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE UNITED NATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM 1 Read the sources and then answer the question which follows. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the sources both individually and as a group. Source A The Security Council strongly deplores the fact that Libyan Government has not yet responded effectively to the requests to cooperate fully in establishing responsibility for the terrorist acts against Pan Am Flight 103. The Security Council urges the Libyan government to provide a full and effective response to those requests so as to contribute to the elimination of international terrorism, and also urges all states indivi dually and collectively to encourage the Libyan government to respond fully and effectively to these requests. An excerpt from the UN Security Council Resolution 731 issued in January 1992. Source B For decades, the Libyan regime of Colonel Muammar Qaddafi maintained a well- documented history of extensive state sponso rship of terrorism… Throughout the years, Libyan ambitions in the Arab and Muslim worlds, as well as aspirations for influence throughout Africa, have been the main drivers of Libyan support for international terrorism. In recent years, Tripoli has taken many steps to corre ct its past misdeeds, settle international claims, and dissociate itself from its terrorist past… The US State Department had claimed until early last y ear that there have been no cases of Libyan state-sponsored terrorism since 1994. Article by Christopher Boucek, editor of one of Britain’s leading think-tanks, 2005. Source C The United Nations General Assembly voted overwhelmingly today to condemn all acts of international terrorism as ‘criminal’. It was the first time that a resolution dealing with terrorism had ever been passed by the Assembly. The vote was 118 to 1, with Cuba voting agains t the resolution. Isr ael and Burkina Faso abstained. Iran was among the 37 nations that did not take part in the vote. The Warsaw Pact countries, Nicaragua and hard-line Arab nations supported the resolution, even though they had expressed regret that it did not specifically condemn ‘state terrorism’, a phrase used in United Nations debates to describe American support of the Nicaraguan rebels, and Israeli raids in Arab territory. An article from the New York Times, December 1985. Source D

3 The international community is still paralysed by rivalries and power struggles among United Nations member states over the issue of def inition of the term and eventual exemptions from its application. In the pr esent unipolar system, it has be come even more difficult to resolve the underlying conflicts of interest between member states. The central – and yet unresolved – question is still: W ho has the “power of definiti on”? As long as there is no answer to this question and as long as the proposals advanced by legal theory cannot be reconciled with the conflicting interests of member states, the United Nations Organisation will be incapable of adopting an efficient mu ltilateral approach in the struggle against terrorism. A lecture on international terrorism by a Professor of Political Philosophy, March 2002. Source E Another African diplomat asks: “Yes (Libyan leader Muammar) Qaddafi’s actions are to be condemned by any standards, but what about the CIA mining Nicaragua’s harbours? What is the difference between the explosion that killed American servicemen in Beirut and the one that killed Cuban servicemen in Huambo (Angola)? Are we to denounce terrorism selectively?” Singapore’s moderate UN delegate Tommy Koh says: “Basically, the UN is impotent with regard to terrorism because the non-aligned are split. A majority feels that a cause, no matter how sacred, does not justify any means and a minority feels that a cause, if sacred enough, justifies any means.” Sir John Thompson, the permanent representative of the United Kingdo m, expressed the West’s position: “The most pressing need is less for new agreements than for effective action on terrorism by all. Some succe ssful measures have been adopted. The 1983 convention against hostage-taking is one. T he ICAO’s (International Civil Aviation Organisation) conventions have led to a dramatic reduction in hijacking. Diplomats from various countries voicing their opinions about the United Nations’ role on terrorism, May 1984. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A-E support the view that the United Nations was unable to act effectively against international terrorism from 1945 to 2000?

4 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2 ‘The formation of NATO was the key turning point in the development of the Cold War.’ Discuss this view with regard to the period 1945 - 1955. 3 To what extent was the collapse of the Soviet Union due to Reagan’s actions? 4 Assess the view that the Latin American debt crisis of 1982 represented the greatest problem the global economy faced from 1970 to 2000. 5 Evaluate the reasons behind the US dominance of the global economy from 1945 to 2000. 6 To what extent was the failure of the peace negotiations the most important reason for the lack of a lasting solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict by the year 2000?