SAJC H2 HIST P1

© SAJC 2016 8814/9731/01/16 Preliminary Examinations 1 ST ANDREW’S JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 Preliminary Examinations General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 1 & Higher 2 HISTORY Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 8814/01 9731/01 30 August 2016 3 hours Additional Materials: Answer Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. Start each answer on a fresh piece of writing paper. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This document consists of 4 printed pages. [Turn Over

© SAJC 2016 8814/9731/01/16 Preliminary Examinations 2 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE UNITED NATIONS AND TERRORISM 1 Read the sources and then answer the question which follows. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the sources both individually and as a group. Source A The General Assembly, Expresses deep concern over increasing acts of international terrorism which endanger or take innocent human lives or jeopardize fundamental freedoms; Urges States to devote their immediate attention to finding just and peaceful solutions to the underlying causes which give rise to such acts of violence Reaffirms the inalienable right to self-determination and independence of all peoples under colonial and racist regimes and other forms of alien domination, and upholds the legitimacy of their struggle, in particular the struggle of national liberation movement; … Invites States to become parties to the existing in ternational conventions which relate to various aspects of the problem of international terrorism Invites States to take all appropriate measures at the national level with a view to the speedy and final elimination of the problem, bearing in mind the provisions of paragraph 3 above… From United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3034, December 1972. Source B Throughout the 1990s economic sanctions were the main policy instrument in the fight against terrorism. In January 1992, at the Security Counc il’s first ever meeting of the Heads of State and Government, the members of the Security Council “expressed their deep concern over acts of international terrorism and emphasized the need for the international community to deal effectively with all such acts.” In March 1992, the Security Council backed up its rhetorical commitment with action—adopting mandatory econom ic sanctions against Libya, accused of involvement in the 1988 and 1989 bombings of Pan Am Flight 103 and UTA flight 772. This was a first. The Security Council went on to impose mandatory (as described under Chapter VII of the UN Charter) sanctions to fight terrorism on two other occasions in the 1990s: in 1996 against Sudan and in 1999 against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. From an article published in an online international law library, 2004. Source C Israeli Ambassador Yosef Tekoah criticised the United Nations last night for succumbing to Arab states which support terrorism and charged that the outcome of the debate on terrorism “is virtually a coup de grace to the stature and role of the United Nations in international life.”

© SAJC 2016 8814/9731/01/16 Preliminary Examinations 3 The Israeli diplomat addressed the General Assembly just prior to the vote approving the resolution on terrorism co-sponsored by 15 African-Asian nations and Yugoslavia last week in the Assembly’s Sixth (Legal) Committee. The resolution calling for withholding UN action against terrorism pending a 40-state study of its root causes was adopted last night by a vote of 76-36 with 17 abstentions…Tekoah noted that it was expected that UN members, in particular the Arab states which support international terrorism, “would attempt to prevent the inscription of the item on the agenda and then try to sabotage its constructive considerations.” Other delegates spoke in terms of regret and disappointment. Sir Colin Crowe of Britain expressed criticism of what he termed a “seriously defective resolution” which contained language that “could be taken to suggest that recourse to violence may be legitimate in the exercise of the right to self-determination.” From an article in the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, a news media outlet, December 1972. Source D The sanctions against the Taliban were adopted unanimously in the Council on 15 October 1999 and extended in 2000. The sanctions envisioned an arms embargo, the reduction of on- site diplomatic representation. Moreover the financial assets of the Taliban leaders were frozen and the national air carrier Ariana was no longer authorized to travel beyond the borders of Afghanistan. The Taliban rejected the extradition of Osama bin Laden to the US, and was supported in this bid by the Government of Pakistan, prior to September 11. The sanctions regime failed because the Taliban, isolated diplomatically, was radicalized without having its capacity for fighting diminished due to continued backing by Pakistan. Indeed, without pressure on Pakistan the sanctions had no real impact. From the book ‘The United Nations Security Council and War’, a Western academic publication, 2008. Source E The situation only began to change with the end of Cold War rivalries, and, even then, progress in developing a UN consensus concerning terrorism proved cumbersome and slow. It took the increasing threat of al Qaeda terrorism, directed not only against the West and Russia, but also against several other countries, including those in the Middle East, to change this attitude. The Security Council and the General Assembly condemned terrorism and set out anew to develop counter-terrorism measures and strategies. A series of international conventions was co-opted to address various aspects of terrorism and terrorism financing, and work began on a comprehensive counter-terrorism convention. The convention is supposed to contain a clear, unambiguous definition of terrorism. But the General Assembly has failed, as yet, to achieve consensus on such a definition. From the book ‘Flawed Diplomacy: The United Nations and the War on Terrorism’ by Victor Comras, a retired American diplomat, 2004. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A-E support the view that the United Nations was effective in addressing the issue of international terrorism?

© SAJC 2016 8814/9731/01/16 Preliminary Examinations 4 Section B  You must answer three questions from this section. 2 ‘The origins of the Cold War could be located in the breakdown of the Grand Alliance.’ How far do you agree? 3 To what extent was the August Coup the primary cause of the collapse of the USSR in 1991? 4 ‘US dominance in the global economy did more harm than good’. Examine the validity of this assertion with reference to the period 1945-1975. 5 How far do you agree with the view that the opening up of China’s hinterland was the most important reason for its economic rise? 6 ‘The most significant impact of the conflict over Kashmir has been its militarization.’ Discuss.