YJC H2 HIST IH P1

1 YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 Preliminary Examination 2016 H2 HISTORY 9731/01 INTERNATIONAL HISTORY 17/08/2016 PAPER 1 WEDNESDAY 0800h – 1100h Additional materials: 1 piece of cover page Writing paper TIME 3 hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name and CTG in the spaces provided on the cover page. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, please hand in your answers for Paper 1 with the cover page placed on top of the answer scripts. . INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES You are reminded of the need for clear presentation in your answers. Each question in this paper carries 25 marks. This paper consists of 4 printed pages

2 Section A You must answer question 1. THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING 1. Read the sources and then answer the question which follows. Source A The sixth United Nations Secretary-General, his term was marked by brutal conflicts in Haiti, Somalia, Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia, among others. Soon after his inauguration, the Security Council met in it’s first-ever summit of Heads of State. At their request, Boutros-Ghali authored the report called 'An Agenda for Peace,' an analysis on ways to strengthen UN capacity for preventive diplomacy, peace-making and peacekeeping. Also during his tenure, he spearheaded UN structural and management reform. At UN Headquarters in New York, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon hailed his predecessor as a respected statesman who brought “formidable experience and intellectual power to the task of piloting the United Nations through one of the most tumultuous and challenging periods in its history.” “As Secretary-General, he presided over a dramat ic rise in UN peacekeeping. He also presided over a time when the world increasingly turned to the United Nations for solutions to its problems, in the immediate aftermath of the cold war,” Mr. Ban told reporters. “He showed courage in posing difficult questions to the Member States, and rightly insisted on the independence of his office and of the Secretariat as a whole. His commitment to the United Nations – its mission and its staff – was unmistakable, and the mark he has left on the Organization is indelible,” Mr. Ban stressed. Article from the United Nations News Centre, the UN’s official website titled, “The UN mourns the death of former SG Boutros Boutros-Ghali”, 6 February, 2016. Source B One factor figured strongly in each Secretary- General’s appointment: the Permanent Members of the Security Council took determining positions. Trygve Lie developed enemies as he tried out the lim its of his new job. In the context of the Korean War, Moscow refused all contact with Lie and vetoed his reappointment. Despite the Assembly’s success in extending Lie’s term, he resigned in 1953 as Soviet opposition meant he could no longer work effectively. Hammarskjold’s prominence as a peacekeeper and his expansion of the scope of his office eventually led to another incident of Soviet opposition. Moscow accused him of impartiality in the 1960 Congo operation. Hammarskjold died in 1961, obviating the question of his reappointment. Nevertheless, the USSR proclaimed that it would have opposed Hammarskjold’s candidacy and resumed its insistence on a “troika”. Kurt Waldheim assiduously promoted the idea that the Secretary-General should have an important role in broad international negotiations, such as those of the Israeli-Palestinian dispute,

3 but had little decisive effect. He failed to be appointed to a third term, mainly because of opposition from China. Adopted from a book, The UN Secretary-General and the Secretariat, 2005. Source C As a result, the (US) administration concluded that Mr. Boutros-Ghali had become a symbol of U.N. mismanagement in the eyes of many Americ ans. Specifically, Mr. Boutros-Ghali was seen as insufficiently committed to the widespread financ ial and administrative reforms being demanded by Republican members of Congress as the price for paying sizable U.S. dues owed to the United Nations. He also was frequently at odds with the views of the administration and Congress about how to deal with such crises of the early and mid-1990s as the genocidal conflicts in the Balkans and Africa. Mr. Boutros-Ghali would later call the 1994 ethnic massacres in Rwanda — when hundreds of thousands of Tutsis and Hutus were slaughtered and countless women raped — “my worst failure” at the United Nations. He also laid blame on world leaders, including Clinton, for indecision and not providing sufficient resources to tackle dauntin g peacekeeping missions that had already spread U.N. soldiers across the globe. An excerpt from an article in The Washington Post, titled, “Boutros Boutros-Ghali, UN SG who clashed with the UN dies”, 16 February 2016. Source D Article 99 The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international security. Article 100 In the performance of their duties the Secretary-General and the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any government or any other authority external to the Organization. An extract from Chapter XV of the UN Charter on The Secretariat’s roles. Source E Journalist Rosemary Righter states in her book, “Utopia Unlimited,” that current U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan is “the best secretary general since Dag Hammarskjold.” Righter goes on to say that “U Thant was invisible, (Kurt) Waldheim was a liar, (Javier) Perez de Cuellar would not makes waves if he jumped out of a boat and (Boutros) Boutros-Ghali was always mouthing anti- colonial rhetoric.” An excerpt from an article in the opinion section from the Japan Times, 27 January 2000. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A-E support the view that the United Nations Secretary-General has been ineffective in maintaining international peace and security from 1945 to 2000?

4 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2. ‘Aggressive American post-war aims caused the outbreak of the Cold War.’ To what degree do you agree with this statement from the period 1945 to 1949?