YJC H2 HIST SEA P2

1 YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YSIHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YSIHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YSIHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YSIHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YSIHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YSIHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 Preliminary Examination 2016 H2 History 9731/02 HISTORY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA PAPER 2 24 August 2016 Wednesday, 1400h-1700hr Additional materials: 1 piece of cover page TIME 3 hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name and CTG in the spaces provided on the cover page. Section A Answer question 1. Section B Answer three questions. At the end of the examination, please hand in your answers with the cover page placed on top of the answer scripts. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES You are reminded of the need for clear presentation in your answers. Each question in this paper carries 25 marks. This paper consists of 4 printed pages

2 Section A You must answer question 1 ASEAN AND REGIONAL SECURITY 1. Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A Even when ASEAN submitted a resolution calling on the Vietnamese to withdraw from Cambodia, the Vietnamese really thought that ASEAN would make a lot of noise and then we would accept the situation. They told Tommy Koh that the Security Council could pass any resolution it liked but that after three months the United Nations would lose interest in Cambodia. To the surprise of the Vietnamese and their friends, nothing of that sort happened. ASEAN worked together and despite early bias in favour of Vietnam and the Russians, in the United Nations, we were able to get majority support for our resolution against Vietnam, which for years has been an object of adulation in the Third World. Since 1979, with each meeting, we have been regularly ab le to increase the votes against the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia. The fact that ASEAN is able to mobilize more support in the United Nations against the combined lobbying of Vietnam and its communist allies, is proof that ASEAN is not ineffectual. It is an ASEAN effort. We asked the Americans and our Western friends not to take the lead in this matter but to follow us. Comments by former Foreign Minister of Singapore, S. Rajaratnam, in 1987. Source B The Association has not evolved since its format ion; namely, in its commitment to dialogue as the sole instrument for addressing regional security. The ARF has been established on the same premise but its formation was also an acknowledgement that ASEAN was not competent on its own to manage the securit y problems of its region which has been called into question. Enlargement has been embarked upon, in part, to protect ASEAN’s separate political identity and prerogative regional position. That process has been shown to contain seeds of discordant diversit y which could have adverse consequences for corporate decision-making on regional issues, and, therefore, for the Association’s role as a diplomatic community. Michael Leifer, an academic who specialized in Southeast Asia in a Singapore publication, 2003. Source C Whenever governments cooperate with security in mind, it is usual for their collective enterprise to assume some military form. ASEAN, as a corporate entity, has been a notable exception to this rule . Defence cooperation, beyond exchanges of i ntelligence, does take place among member states but primarily on a limited bilateral basis and then only outside of the formal institutional structure of the Association. The restrictive nature of that cooperation supports the insistence of its government s that their multilateral ar rangements have neither embodied the obligations nor assumed the structure of an alliance. From an academic work on ASEAN and regional security published in 1989.

3 Source D It is not and was not meant to be a supranational entity acting independently of its members. It has no regional parliament or council of ministers with law making powers, no power of enforcement, no judicial system. The important thing is that ASEAN has to be measured against the purposes that it has set for itself and the limitations that it has imposed upon itself. ASEAN has to be judged by the results that it has produced in pursuit of those purposes and under those limitations, not against the wishes or expectations of others. Today, tensions between Southeast Asian countries may occasionally surface. Some issues between them remained unresolved. A degree of mutual suspicion lingers. But no conflict has erupted between ASEAN members. The long period of peace and stability in Southeast Asia made possi ble three decades of unprecedented economic and social progress in the region, unprecedented in Southeast Asia, unprecedented in the developing world. Remarks by the Secretary General of ASEAN at the University of Sydney, 1998. Source E There was also a perception that Vietnam’s advance (into Cambodia) would enlarge the influence of Soviet Union, Vietnam’s principal backer at that time, and thus upset the regional balance. In this ASEAN had the support of China, the USA, most of Western Europe and the m ajority at the UN General Assembly, where ASEAN led the campaign to keep Cambodia’s UN seat for the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK). At the same time ASEAN led the search for a political settlement of all contending factions in Cambodia and eventually of the five permanent members of the Security Council. A settlement finally arrived through a series of conferences in Paris following ASEAN brokered and Indonesian led meetings (JIM I and II) among the Cambodian parties. Former ASEAN Secretary General, Rodolfo C. Severino, ASEAN, Southeast Asia Background Series No 10, 2008. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A -E support the view that ‘ASEAN attempts at securing regional peace and security made little progress’?

4 Section B Essay Questions You must an