2013 MI H1 History

Class Adm No Candidate Name: This question paper consists of 4 printed pages. 2013 Promotional Examination II Pre-university 2 H1 HISTORY 8814/01 18 September 2013 International History 3 hours Additional Materials: Answer Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Begin each question on a fresh sheet of writing paper. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. All questions in this paper carry equal marks.

2 Section A You must answer Question 1 UN PEACEKEEPING IN THE POST-COLD WAR PERIOD 1. Read the sources, and then answer the question which follows. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the Sources both individually and as a group. Source A Since the end of the Cold War, there has been an explosion in international peacekeeping missions. From Bosnia to the Ivory Coast to East Timor, the pattern has been the same: a political rebellion (often with ethnic overtones), a brutal crackdown, a humanitarian tragedy - and a crisis that finally spurs the international community to action. Peacekeepers are sent in to enforce an often theoretical peace and build a nation from scratch. Peacekeeping has become synonymous with nation-building. And so far, none of these exercises have been particularly successful. Excerpt from an article by a freelance journalist, writing for Yale Centre for the Study of Globalization, which serves Yale University, 2004. Source B Russia, the traditional ally of the Serbs, has blocked a weak Security Council statement criticizing the Serbs for their attack on the United Nations-declared "safe areas’ in eastern Bosnia, and for their expulsion of Muslims and Croats from their homes in northern Bosnia in a new round of "ethnic cleansing." After tw o days of debate, Security Council members were unable tonight to agree on a statement condemning the Serbs. Russia objects to the phrase "ethnic cleansing," which has been used by the Serbs themselves to describe their campaign of terrorizing non-Serbs into fleeing. Instead, Moscow pressed for a more general condemnation of "violence and terror" that could apply to all groups in Bosnia. Taken from an article in the New York Times, April 1994. Source C There can be little doubt that the worst days for the organization are behind it. During the Cold War, the Security Council could never function as intended, because the Soviet Union used its veto power as a permanent member of the Security Council to thwart actions opposed by its client states or by General Asse mbly blocs that Soviet diplomacy sought to estrange from America and the West. Deadlock in the Security Council was not the only result of the Cold War. A ‘nonaligned’ bloc of Asian, African and Latin American countries sought to exploit the rivalry between the Western alliance and the Soviet bloc. As long as their defections to the Soviet camp were a credible threat, Third World countries could attempt to extort concessions from the USA and its allies. An excerpt by Michael Lind, a foreign policy analyst in Washington, D.C., who writes frequently on American diplomacy, 1994.

3 Source D The UN operation in the former Yugoslavia was undertaken to assuage Western consciences about the barbarity taking place in a "European" war. The international community, under the aegis of a UN peacekeeping mission, has conducted a series of "may- work" and supposedly low-risk initiatives centered around a humanitarian intervention. That middle way is certainly more than doing nothing, yet it is profoundly short of the prolonged and expensive military intervention that would undoubtedly be required to effectively suppress the fighting. As Lawrence Freedman, a professor at King's College in London, has pointed out, the middle alternative has "turned out to be a collection of half-measures that left unbridgeable gaps between the ends proclaimed and the means adopted."(1) In other words, the strategy of the intervention--the relationship between ends and means--is inherently flawed. An excerpt by John F. Hillen III, a former U.S. Army officer, who is a research scholar and doctoral candidate at Oxford University. Source E After the Cold War ended, there was a rapid increase in the number of peacekeeping operations. With a new consensus and a common sense of purpose, the Security Council authorized a total of 20 new operations between 1989 and 1994, raising the number of peacekeepers from 11,000 to 75,000. The general success of these missions sometimes raised expectations for United Nations peacekeeping beyond its capacity to deliver, especially in situations when the Security Council was not able to authorize sufficiently robust mandates or provide adequate resources. The setbacks of the early and mid-1990s led the Security Council to limit the number of new peacekeeping missions for the next several years. The Organization also began a process of self-reflection. With a greater understanding of the limits – and potential – of UN peacekeeping, the United Nations was asked to perform even more complex tasks starting in 1999. The UN served as the administrator of the territories of Kosovo in the former Yugoslavia, and East Timor (now Timor-Leste), which was in the process of gaining independence from Indonesia. In both situations, the UN was widely viewed as the only organization with the globally-recognized credibility and impartiality to take on the job. An excerpt from the official website of the United Nations. Now answer the following question: How far do Sources A to E support the view that the UN was successful in maintaining international peace after the Cold War?

4 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2. To what extent has the end of the Co ld War influenced the historical debate on the origins of the Cold War? 3. “The post-Cold War period brought about a new era of peace and progress.” Discuss. 4. Did the Cold War help or hinder Amer ican domination of the global economy? 5. “The establishment of t he Special Economic Zones played a more important role than agricultural reforms in driving Chinese economic growth in the period 1978- 2000.” Discuss. 6. “The rise of Islamic fundamentalism wa s due more to the Iranian Revolution than the Islamic victory over USSR in Afghanistan.” How far do you agree? ______________________________________________________________________ Copyright Acknowledgements Question 1 Source A © Granitsas, Alkman (2004). Learning the Hard Way in Kosovo, Yale Global Online, http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/learning-hard-way-kosovo, accessed 20 December 2012. Question 1 Source B © Lewis, Paul (7 April, 1 994). Russia blocks UN Criticism of Sebs’ Attack, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/07/world/russia-blocks-un- criticism-of-serbs-attack.html, accessed 20 December 2012. Question 1 Source C © Lind, Michael (1990). The United Nations: After the Cold War, The World and I Online Magazine, http://www.worldandihomeschool.com/public_articles/1990/october/wis18284. asp, accessed 20 December 2012. Question 1 Source D © Hillen III, John F. (1995) . Killing with Kindness: The UN Peacekeeping Mission in Bosnia, Cato Foreign Policy Briefing, 34, http://www.cato.org/pubs/fpbriefs/fpb-034.html, accessed 20 December 2012. Question 1 Source E © http://www.un.org/events/peacekeeping60/60years.shtml, accessed 20 December 2012.