2013_CJC_H1_History_Question Paper

© CJC 2013 This paper consists of 4 printed pages. CATHOLIC JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2013 HISTORY 8814/01 9731/01 Paper 1 International History, 1945 – 2000 Thursday, 29 Aug 2013 No Additional Materials are required. 0800 – 1100h (3 hours) READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and home tutorial group on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. . INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES All questions in this paper carry equal marks. Start each answer on a fresh sheet of paper. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers.

© CJC 2013 This paper consists of 4 printed pages. Section A You must answer Question 1. THE UNITED NATIONS AND PEACEKEEPING DURING THE COLD WAR 1. Read the Sources and then answer the question which follows. Source A A fundamental principle of peacekeeping pertains to the use of force. The use of force in peacekeeping has two aspects - the minimum use of force and the use of force for self-defense only. The general rule for the use of force, only in self-defense, was narrow but adequate for the first armed UN peacekeeping operation UNEF I. The UN troops were charged to maintain a ceasefire between two orderly armed forces and were further advantaged by a small civilian population in the area. However, it was not the same for ONUC, the UN peacekeeping operation in Congo. In his report to the Security Council, Hammarskjold stated the principles that would govern the activities of ONUC. But due to the disorder and violence in Congo, it became evident that UNOC could not achieve its objective of halting the civil war while it was limited to the use of force within the confines of ‘self-defense’. After ONUC, it is accepted that a broader definition of self-defense would lead the UN to be more effective. Excerpt from an academic journal, ‘The use of force for collective security and peacekeeping at the end of the twentieth century’, 2012. Source B With the Security Council blocked by Anglo-French vetoes, the General Assembly authorized a UN Emergency Force (UNEF I). The UN Emergency Force was the first major peacekeeping force to be set up by the UN. The situation in the Middle East in 1956 called for creative diplomacy: an enforcement force on the Korean model was impractical because of the involvement of the two Permanent Members of the Security Council with veto powers. The force had overseen the establishment of a cease-fire and the withdrawal of the British and French forces by the end of 1956, and the withdrawal of Israeli forces by the end of March 1957. Between April 1957 and May 1967, it was deployed along the armistice demarcation line, helpi