2013 CJC H1 History Question Paper

© CJC 2013 This paper consists of 4 printed pages. CATHOLIC JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2013 HISTORY 8814/01 9731/01 Paper 1 International History, 1945 – 2000 Thursday, 29 Aug 2013 No Additional Materials are required. 0800 – 1100h (3 hours) READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and home tutorial group on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. . INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES All questions in this paper carry equal marks. Start each answer on a fresh sheet of paper. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers.

© CJC 2013 This paper consists of 4 printed pages. Section A You must answer Question 1. THE UNITED NATIONS AND PEACEKEEPING DURING THE COLD WAR 1. Read the Sources and then answer the question which follows. Source A A fundamental principle of peacekeeping pertains to the use of force. The use of force in peacekeeping has two aspects - the minimum use of force and the use of force for self-defense only. The general rule for the use of force, only in self-defense, was narrow but adequate for the first armed UN peacekeeping operation UNEF I. The UN troops were charged to maintain a ceasefire between two orderly armed forces and were further advantaged by a small civilian population in the area. However, it was not the same for ONUC, the UN peacekeeping operation in Congo. In his report to the Security Council, Hammarskjold stated the principles that would govern the activities of ONUC. But due to the disorder and violence in Congo, it became evident that UNOC could not achieve its objective of halting the civil war while it was limited to the use of force within the confines of ‘self-defense’. After ONUC, it is accepted that a broader definition of self-defense would lead the UN to be more effective. Excerpt from an academic journal, ‘The use of force for collective security and peacekeeping at the end of the twentieth century’, 2012. Source B With the Security Council blocked by Anglo-French vetoes, the General Assembly authorized a UN Emergency Force (UNEF I). The UN Emergency Force was the first major peacekeeping force to be set up by the UN. The situation in the Middle East in 1956 called for creative diplomacy: an enforcement force on the Korean model was impractical because of the involvement of the two Permanent Members of the Security Council with veto powers. The force had overseen the establishment of a cease-fire and the withdrawal of the British and French forces by the end of 1956, and the withdrawal of Israeli forces by the end of March 1957. Between April 1957 and May 1967, it was deployed along the armistice demarcation line, helping to maintain stability between the two countries. In all these areas, it can be judged a success. Excerpt from ‘United Nations, Divided World, The UN’s Roles in International Relations’, 1993. Source C The technique of peacekeeping operations was invented in the context of the Suez Crisis in 1956. As such it was never sanctioned by the Assembly as a tool to be used by the UN. The justification for the deployment of peacekeeping operations was that they are an intermediate means when the Security Council cannot decide on a common policy towards conflicts due to the rivalry between the Eastern and Western blocs. For these reasons the traditional principles of success of peacekeeping operations were consent by local parties, impartiality of the UN forces and the non-use of force.

© CJC 2013 This paper consists of 4 printed pages. The UN operation in Congo, an intra-state intervention during a civil war which turned into an armed confrontation between UN troops and local militias, was a mistake for several reasons: it had the potential of escalating local conflicts by losing local parties’ consent; the UN became an active party and lost its impartiality; finally, the lack of consent and impartiality increased the tension between the major powers in the UN. Excerpt from an academic journal, “From Cold War to a System of Peacekeeping Operations”, 2012. Source D The Security Council in June 1950 was wholly western in composition and its decisions were not subject to Soviet veto. Whatever the short-term advantage the West might take of this, it carried a clear lesson about the futility of collective security in an ideologically polarized world. On 25 June a Security Council resolution called for the withdrawal of the northern forces back to the 38th parallel. The North showed no inclination to comply with this. On 27 June, another Security Council resolution ‘recommended’ that UN members should assist South Korea against the northern invasion. In the meantime US responded unilaterally. The US Seventh Fleet was deployed between China and Korea, and a series of naval bombardments and air strikes was mounted against the invading forces. General MacArthur, the senior American general in Asia, was appointed to command a ‘UN force’, which by the end of the following year would consist of contingents from seventeen states but remained very much US-dominated. Excerpt from ‘The Emergence of Peacekeeping in the United Nations Since 1945’ by Norrie MacQueen, 1999. Source E Under Chapter VI, the Assembly created an organ of the UN for situations where the unanimity rule had rendered the Security Council incapable of action. This measure was taken under the ‘Uniting for Peace’ resolution and experience has shown that such a military organ, like UNEF I, can be a decisive factor in preventing hostilities and restoring calm in troubled areas. In Lebanon, an observation group was formed while in Jordan, where many expected the UN to form a military organization, it was decided to station a civilian organization of very limited size, which turned out to fill the need extremely well... In these respects, there is at present no substitute and no alternative for the Organization. The tasks of this kind could not have been fulfilled outside the UN framework by any single country or group of countries. Adapted from an address by United Nations Secretary General, Dag Hammarskjold before the Students Association, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1959. Now answer the following question: How far do Sources A-E support the view that the UN was able to carry out its peacekeeping operations effectively during the Cold War?

© CJC 2013 This paper consists of 4 printed pages. Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2. ‘The Korean War was more of a turning point for the development of the Cold War than the Cuban Missile Crisis.’ Discuss. 3. To what extent did the USSR collapse in 1991 due to the rising tide of nationalism? 4. Assess the view that the role of the US was a vital determinant of the development of the global economy from 1945 to 2000. 5. How far can the dominance of USA in the global economy from 1945 to 2000 be attributed to its leadership role in the global economic institutions? 6. ‘Religion was the source of much instability and conflict in the Middle East’. How far do you agree with this statement with reference to the period from 1945 to 2000? **** End of paper ****