NYJC_H1_History

NANYANG JUNIOR COLLEGE Year Two Preliminary Examination 2014 HISTORY 8814/01 9731/01 Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 25 September 2014 3 hours No Additional Materials are required READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and civics tutorial group on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue, or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This document consists of 4 printed pages. [Turn over

2 8814 H1 / 9731 H2 History Year Two Preliminary Examination 2014 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE ROLE OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL 1. Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A While there are several examples that clearly show how UN decisions were influenced by the East-West division, which is also generally seen as the main reason for the UN’s failure to achieve its ultimate goal during the Cold War, this can be misleading. Indeed, many conflicts were caused by deep divisions between other states that had little direct connection with the superpower division, such as the divisions between India and Pakistan, Israel and its neighbouring states, and Iran and Iraq. In some ways, these divisions were in tensified because of the UN, for example by the advancement of the idea of state sovereignty. The USSR and the US were sometimes even found to be backing the same side in Middle Eastern conflicts, as in the Iran -Iraq war. Moreover, the Second United Nation s Emergency Force (UNEF II) in the 1973 Arab -Israeli War was largely successful with a calming effect on the region, as well as keeping Israel and Egypt apart. Adapted from Nicola-Ann Hardwick, “A Tool of Superpower Influence Stymied by Superpower Conflict?” in an international relations website. Source B Dag Hammarskjold's plan, for which he obtained full Security Council approval, including both the US and the USSR, was simple: reinforce and train the new Congolese army. The troops for l'ONUC (United Nations Operation in the Congo) soon had their mandate enlarged to include preventing the secession of the mineral -rich province of Katanga and assuring Congo's political independence. It soon became clear that l'ONUC had been handed a job that Hammarskjold described as "g