CJC H1 HIST P1 QP

© CJC 2015 This paper consists of 4 printed pages. CATHOLIC JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2015 HISTORY 8814/01 9731/01 Paper 1 International History, 1945 - 2000 Monday, 24 August 2015 0800-1100hrs (3 hours) No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and home tutorial group on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Section A Question 1 is compulsory. Section B Answer any 3 questions. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES All questions in this paper carry equal marks. Start each answer on a fresh sheet of paper. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers.

© CJC 2015 This paper consists of 4 printed pages. Section A You must answer Question 1. THE UN SECRETARY-GENERAL IN THE COLD WAR WORLD 1. Read the Sources and then answer the question which follows. Source A Article 99 The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security. Article 100 In the performance of their duties the Secretary -General and the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any government or from any other authority external to the Organization. An extract from Chapter XV: The Secretariat of the UN Charter. Source B One factor figured strongly in each Secretary -General appointment: the Permanent Members of the Security Council took determining positions. Trygve Lie developed enemies as he tried out the limits of his new job. In the context of the Korean War, Moscow refused all contact with Lie and vetoed his reappointment . Despite the Assembly ’s success in extending Lie’s term, he resigned in 1953 as Soviet oppos ition meant he could no longer work effectively. Hammarskjöld’s prominence as a peacekeeper and his expansion of the scope of his office eventually led to another incident of Soviet opposition. Moscow accused him of partiality in the 1960 Congo operation. Hammarskjöld died in 1961, obviating the question of his reappointment. Nevertheless, the USSR proclaimed that it would have opposed Hammarskjöld’s candidacy and resumed its insistence on a “troika”. Kurt Waldheim assiduously promoted the idea that the Secretary-General should have an important role in broad international negotiations, such as those of the Israeli-Palestinian dispute, but had little decisive effect. He failed to be appointed to a third term, mainly because of opposition from China. Adopted from a book, The UN Secretary-General and Secretariat, 2005. Source C Speed was of the essence. The nearest available troops were the Austrian and Iranian contingents serving in UNDOF, the disengageme nt force on the Golan Heights. However, I could not transfer them without the consent of their governments.

© CJC 2015 This paper consists of 4 printed pages. I first contacted the Austrian government, which let me know that they rather preferred to have their troops stay where they were. So I turned to the Iranians. The Shah was still in power… he gave his assent, and within 24 hours the Iranian contingent was on its way… (and UNIFIL) soon reached the approved strength of 4000 men. The force was operating in rugged terrain and often in situations of great danger. The Netherlands… provi ded a contingent, yet, when they began to take casualties, the Dutch… found it necessary to pacify growing domestic opposition over the casualties and… their contingent was finally withdrawn. An excerpt from a memoir by Kurt Waldheim, UN Secretary General from 1972 to 1981. Source D U Thant had been identified by Hammarskjöld as a desired successor. The Soviets were already deeply skeptical, having fallen out with Thant’s predecessors. In Congo, Thant authorized a mi litary operation which effectively ended the Katanga secession and in 1962 he was praised for diffusing the Cuban Missile Crisis. However, Thant’s handling of the withdrawal of UNEF in 1967 was heavily criticized. His attempts to broker talks between Hanoi and Washington in 1965 came to nothing, and his public criticisms of the Vietnam War led to US condemnation. Yet, by associating himself with the interests of the Third World and by speaking out openly against the war at a time when peace movements throughout the West were gaining steam, he was able to find a public niche for the Secretary-Generalship… and even more than Hammarskjöld, carved out a role for the Secretary-General as a mediator, independent of the Security Council or General Assembly. Adopted from an article by the United Nations Information Centres, 2005. Source E Before leaving for the Congo, the Congolese delegation, l ed by Mr. Gizenga, urgently requested you to contact my Government immediately upon your arrival in Leopoldville - which was in conformity with the Security Council's resolution of July 1960. Completely ignoring the legal Government of the Republic, you sent a telegram from New York to Mr. Tshombe, leader of the Katanga rebellion and emissary of the Belgian Government. Mr. Tshombe, again at the instigation of the Belgians placed at his side, replied to this telegram stipulating two conditions for the entry of UN troops into Katanga. You entirely acquiesced in the demands formulated by the Belgians speaking through Mr. Tshombe. In view of this, the Government and people of the Congo have lost their confidence in the Secretary-General of the UN. An excerpt of a letter from Patrice Lumumba to Dag Hammarskjöld, U.N. Secretary-General, August 15, 1960. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A-E support the view that, during the Cold War period, the UN Secretary General was ineffective in playing his part in the maintenance of international peace and security?

© CJC 2015 This paper consists of 4 printed pages. Section B You must answer 3 questions from this section 2. “The Cold War, in the period 1945 to 1949, was primarily a result of Soviet and American attempts to expand their ideological influence in Europe.” Discuss. 3. How important was the end of the Cold War in causing the collapse of USSR? 4. Assess the view that the US was a vital determinant of the development of the global economy from 1945 to 2000. 5. Why was the Japanese economy able to achieve such high and sustained economic gr owth in the post-World War Two period? 6. "Middle Eastern security was sever ely undermined by the Arab-Israeli conflict.” How far do you agree with this statement with reference to the period from 1945 to 2000?