TJC H1 HISTORY P1 QP

© Temasek Junior College 2015 [Turn over TEMASEK JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2015 HIGHER 1 HISTORY 8814/01 Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 Tuesday, 1 September 2015 3 hours No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and CG on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the writing paper. Start each answer on a fresh piece of writing paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear handwriting in your answer. This question paper consists of 4 printed pages.

2 © Temasek Junior College 2015 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE UNITED NATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 1 Read the Sources and then answer the question that follows. When answering Question 1, candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the sources both individually and as a group. Source A The General Assembly established several conventions that addressed specific terrorist acts – such as aircraft hijacking, the kidnapping o f diplomats and the taking of hostages – and considered such acts as criminal offences. It favoured a domestic law enforcement approach that obligated states to either prosecute or extradite those accused of terrorist acts. The changing nature of terrorism in the 1990s – in particular, its more global reach – exposed this approach as less than effective… As terrorism became increasingly seen as a threat to international peace and security, states started to favour a firmer approach that allowed for the use o f economic sanctions and military force. The Security Council’s resolutions in the 1990s codified this approach. Sanctions made support of terrorist activities more costly, and the state sponsors of terrorists, such as Libya and Iran, more responsive. Adapted from an academic article, “The UN and the Campaign against Terrorism”, 2004. Source B Evaluation of the ICJ frequently dwelled on its relatively light case load due to the reluctance of states to submit disputes, but other opinio ns stress its contributions to the process of systematizing, consolidating, codifying and progressively developing internationa l law…the ICJ has contributed to peaceful settlement of disputes of several different kinds, most particularly involving land and maritime boundaries, and to restoring peace between parties, although governments still prefer to use political methods in many cases. Adapted from an academic book on the history of international organisations, 2004. Source C The Palestinians’ near -monopoly on terrorism during the 1960s led the UN to treat the problem as a local issue. High -profile acts of terrorism did not extend beyond these bounds until July 1968, when members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijacked El Al Flight 426, which carried scores of non -Israeli citizens – an incident that effectively laid the foundation for al-Qaeda's September 11 attacks decades later. Yet even after a series of plane hijackings in September 1970 and the murder of eleven athletes during the 1972 Munich Olympics, the UN Security Council (UNSC) still refrained from passing a resolution to crack down on terrorist groups. Not until the end of the Cold War, the drafting of the Oslo

3 © Temasek Junior College 2015 [Turn Over Accords, and the rise of al -Qaeda in the 1990s did the UN beg in to view terrorism as something more than an Arab -Israeli issue…the UNSC Resolution 1267 (1999) had already imposed targeted sanctions on al -Qaeda and its supporters, as well as the Taliban. Yet this resolution has proven limited because groups or individuals must be designated as terrorists, before member states can take action against them. Adapted from comments by a researcher based in an American Middle East policy think-tank, 2010. Source D I want to ask the question whether the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea has lived up to our hopes and aspirations. I hope I do not sound boastful when I say that the convention has achieved our shared vision. The convention has made a contribution to international peace and security by replacin g a plethora of conflicting claims, with universally agreed limits on the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf. The world community's interest in the freedom of navigation has been well served by the d elicate compromises contained in the convention on the status of the exclusive economic zone, the regime of innocent passage through the territorial sea, the regime of transit passage through straits used for international navigation and the regime of archipelagic sea-lanes passage. From a speech made by Professor Tommy Koh* during the commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the signing of the UNCLOS, 2002. * Professor Tommy Koh was the President of the 3 rd UN Conference on the Law of the Sea held in 1982. Source E Beijing's claim to the South China Sea takes away the maritime entitlements of the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia to exclusive economic zones and extended continental shelves, which is in gross violation of UNCLOS. The Philippines ratified the UNCLOS in 1984, while China signed it in 1996. By ratifying UNCLOS, member -states bound themselves, and gave their consent in advance on all UNCLOS standards and mechanisms. China's c laim converts the South China Sea into an internal Chinese lake, allowing China to unilaterally appropriate for itself what belongs to other sovereign coastal states, in defiance of UNCLOS. UNCLOS does not provide any enforcement mechanism for decisions ha nded down. The best recourse for the Philippine government is to appeal to world opinion. From a speech by a Filipino senior legal advisor, 2013. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A -E support the view that the United Nations was largely effective in developing and implementing international law from 1945 to 2000?

4 © Temasek Junior College 2015 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2 To what extent was the Cold War in Europe primarily caused by the defensive actions of the USA and the USSR? 3 “The collapse of the USSR in 1991 was both abrupt and long in the making.” Discuss. 4 How far do you agree with the view that “the problems in the global economy in the 1970s were rooted in the weaknesses of the Bretton Woods system”? 5 Critically examine the significance of the Cold War in the development of the Japanese economy from 1945 to the end of the 1970s. 6 How important was the Palestinian issue in the development of the Arab -Israeli Conflict from 1948 to 2000?