SAJC 2020 H1 Prelims

© SAJC 2020 8821/01/J2/Prelims/2020 ST ANDREW’S JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 Preliminary Examination General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 1 HISTORY Paper 1: The Cold War and the Modern World (1945-2000) 8821/01 28 August 2020 3 hours Additional Materials: Answer Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction flui DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. _________________________________________________________________________ This document consists of 5 printed pages and 1 blank page. [Turn Over

2 © SAJC 2020 8821/01/J2/Prelims/2020 Section A You must answer Question 1. The Korean War 1 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source A Comrade Stalin confirmed to Kim Il -Sung that the international environment has sufficiently changed to permit a more active stance on the unification of Korea. China is no longer busy with internal fighting and can devote its attention and energy to the assistance of Korea. If necessary, China has at its disposal troops which can be utilised in Korea without any harm to the other needs of China. The Chinese victory is also important psychologically. It has proved the strength of Asian revolutionaries, and shown the weakness of Asian puppet rulers and their mentors in the West, in Amer ica. The Americans left China and did not dare challenge the new Chinese authorities militarily. Now that China has signed a treaty of alliance with the USSR, the Americans will be even more hesitant to challenge the Communists in Asia. According to information coming from the United States, it is really so. The prevailing mood is not to interfere. Such a mood is reinforced by the fact that the USSR now has the atomic bomb and that our positions are solidified in Pyongyang. A Soviet report on the conversations between Stalin and Kim Il-Sung during their meetings, April 1950. Source B The defensive perimeter runs from the Ryukyus* to the Philippine Islands. Our relations, our defensive relations with the Philippines are contained in agreements b etween us. Those agreements are being loyally carried out and will be loyally carried out. An attack on the Philippines could not and would not be tolerated by the United States. But I am quick to add that no one perceives the imminence of any such attack. Should such an attack occur—one hesitates to say where such an armed attack could come from—the initial reliance must be on the people attacked to resist it and then upon the commitments of the entire civilis ed world under the Charter of the United Natio ns, which so far has not proved a weak reed to lean on by any people, who are determined to protect their independence against outside aggression. Dean Acheson’s speech at the National Press Club in Washington, January 1950. *Ryukyus refers to a chain of islands off the coast of Japan.

3 © SAJC 2020 8821/01/J2/Prelims/2020 Source C A political cartoon found in an American newspaper, August 1950. Source D By the end of 1949, Kim Il-Sung arrived to hold consultations with Stalin. The North Koreans wanted to poke South Korea with the point of a knife. Stalin couldn’t oppose this idea. It appealed to his conviction as a Communist all the more because the struggle would be an internal matter which the Koreans would be settling among themselves. Stalin persuaded Kim Il-Sung that he should think it over, make some calculations, and then come back with a concrete plan. Kim went home and then returned to Moscow when he had worked everything out. He told Stalin he was absolutely certain of success but Stalin had his doubts. He was worried about how the Americans would respond, but he was also inclined to think that if the war was fought swiftly, then war with the USA could be avoided. The war wasn’t Stalin’s idea, but Kim Il-Sung’s. Kim was the initiator. But Stalin did not try to discourage him. Observations from the First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev, found in his memoirs, 2004.

4 © SAJC 2020 8821/01/J2/Prelims/2020 Source E On the surface, it seemed odd that the attack on South Korea should have prompted this far- reaching response from the United States. It was not, after all, the Soviet army that moved across the 38th parallel, but the army of North Korea, which, though clea rly armed by the Soviet Union, was nevertheless attempting to reunify its own country. Moreover, it had been obvious for at least a year that war would break out in Korea as the bitterly opposing governments of North and South Korea were both determined to reunify the country under their own control. Indeed, the United States refused to supply South Korea with offensive weapons because it feared that Syngman Rhee would use them to march north. And finally, South Korea had limited strategic importance to the United States. In the months preceding June 1950, U.S. officials had stated publicly the administration’s decision not to intervene should North Korea attempt to reunify the peninsula by force. An article from an American historian, November 1993. Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided by Sources A and B on American involvement in Asia. [10] (b) How far do Sources A -E support the assertion that the Korean War ( 1950 to 1953) was primarily a Cold War conflict? [30]

5 © SAJC 2020 8821/01/J2/Prelims/2020 Section B You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2 Which was more damaging to the Sino-Soviet relationship from the 1950s to the 1970s: Ideological differences or territorial disputes? [30] OR 3 To what extent was the Third Indochina War a turning point for ASEAN in its response to the involvement of external powers in Asia from 1967 to 2000? [30] AND EITHER 4 How far do you agree that the authority of the United Nations Secretary General was weakened by superpower rivalry from 1945 to 1991? [30] OR 5 ‘The United Nations was effective in resolving the Kosovo crisis in the 1990s.’ How far do you agree with this statement? [30]

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