JJC H1 HIST

[Turn over HISTORY Higher 1 8821/01 Paper 1 24 August 2018 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Section A You must answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. This document consists of 5 printed pages. JURONG JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2018

2 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR 1 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source A The American people desire a world in which a ll nations and all peoples are free to govern themselves as they see fit, and to achieve a satisfying life. Our people desire, peace on earth – a just and lasting peace. In pursuing these aims, the United States and other like-minded nations find themselves opposed by a regime with contrary aims and a totally different concept of life. That regime adheres to a false philosophy which claims to offer freedom and security. Misled by that philosophy, many peoples have sacrificed their liberties only to learn that poverty and tyranny, are their reward. Communism is based on the belief that man is so weak and inadequate that he is unable to govern himself. Democracy is based on the conviction that man has the moral and intellectual capacity to govern himself with reason and justice. Communism holds that the world is so widely divided into opposing classes that war is inevitable. Democracy holds that free nations can settle differences justly and maintain a lasting peace. I state these differences, because the actions resulting from the Communist philosophy are a threat to the efforts of free nations to bring about recovery and lasting peace. Since the end of hostilities, the United States has invested its substance and its energy in a great constructive effort to restore peace, stability, and freedom to the world. We have sought no territory. We have im posed our will on none. We have asked for no privileges we would not extend to others. Harry Truman’s speech to the American citizens, 20 January 1949. Source B The current policy of the American government with respect to the USSR is directed at limiting or displacing Soviet influence from our neighbouring countries. the US is supporting reactionary forces in former enemy and allied countries bordering the U SSR with the object of creating obstacles to the processes of democratizing these countries. It also aims to provide positions for the penetration of American capital into their economies. Such a policy relies on weakening and disbanding the democratic governments in power there which are friendly to the USSR and then replacing them with new governments which would obediently carry out a policy dictated from the US. The primary goal of this anti-Soviet campaign of American "public opinion" consists of exerting political pressure on the Soviet Union and forcing it to make concessions. Another, no less important goal of the campaign is to create an atmosphere of a fear of war among the broad masses who are tired of war, which would make it easier for the government to maintain the US military potential. It is in such an atmosphere that the law was passed in Congress approving an enormous military budget, and plans are being developed to build a far-flung system of naval and air bases. Telegram sent by Nikolai Novikov, Soviet Ambassador to the USA, September 1946.

[Turn over 3 Source C A cartoon published by a British newspaper in 1948. The hand in the picture is labelled “CZECHOSLOVAKIA” and is carrying an extinguished torch.

4 Source D USSR still lives in antagonistic "capitalist encirclement" with which in the long run there can be no permanent peaceful coexistence between Capitalism and Communism. Thus, Soviet efforts, must be directed toward deepening and exploiting of differences and conflicts between capitalist powers. If these eventually deepen into an "imperialist" war, this war must be turned into revolutionary upheavals within the various capitalist countries. At bottom of Kremlin's neurotic view of world affa irs is traditional and instinctive Russian sense of insecurity. They have learned to seek securit y only in patient but deadly struggle for total destruction of rival power, never compromises with it. Much depends on health and vigour of our own society. World communism is like malignant parasite which feeds only on diseased tissue. Extracted from George Kennan’s Long Telegram, February 1946. Source E Russia played a role, but a small one, in stimulating the onset of the Cold War. Soviet tactics in negotiations on matters large and small could be extremely tiresome, at times suggesting little desire for cooperation. And the ruthlessness which Stalin’s forces displayed in the occupied territories as they swept westwards was bound to outrage Western feelings. A belief that Soviet foreign policy could be ass essed through studies of Communist doctrine was naïve. It was like arguing that the foreign policy of Christian Britain in the 17 th century could be understood by studying the New Testament. In practice, foreign policy is almost invariably driven by national or personal interest. Extracted from an academic publication, 2011. Now answer the following question: (a) Compare and contrast Sources A and B as evidence regarding American foreign policy after World War 2. [10] (b) How far do Sources A-E support the argument that the outbreak of the Cold War was due to a clash in ideologies? [30]

5 Section B You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2 “Sino-American rapprochement was a surprise.” With reference to the years between 1949 and 1979, how far do you agree with this statement? [30] OR 3 How far do you agree that Singapore experienced dramatic transformation in its foreign policy between 1965 and 1990? [30] AND EITHER 4 “The United Nations succeeded only because of its own efforts”. With reference to the peacekeeping missions in Suez Crisis, Congo and Lebanon, evaluate this claim. [30] OR 5 With reference to the peacekeeping missions in Cambodia, Somalia and Kosovo, to what extent was the United Nations effective in aiding war-torn states after the Cold W a r ? [ 3 0 ]