DHS H1 HIST P1

©DHS 2018 Name: Index Number: Class: DUNMAN HIGH SCHOOL Preliminary Examination Year 6 H1 HISTORY 8821/01 Paper 1 The Cold War and the Modern World (1945-2000) 13 September 2018 3 hours Additional Materials: Answer Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, index number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This document consists of 5 printed pages and 1 blank page. [Turn over

©DHS 2018 2 Section A You must answer Question 1. The Berlin Blockade and the Outbreak of the Cold War 1 Read the sources and answer the question which follow. Source A Meanwhile, people in the cities are short of food and fuel, and in some places approaching starvation levels. So, the governments are for ced to use their foreign money and credits to procure these necessities abroad. This process exhausts funds, which are urgently needed for reconstruction. Thus, a very serious situation is rapidly developing, which bodes no good for the world. The truth of the matter is that Europe’s requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products, -- pr incipally from America – are so much greater than her present ability to pay t hat she must have substantial add itional help or face economic, social and political deterioration of a very grave character. From the Marshall Plan Speech by George Marshall, 5 June 1947. Source B The carrying out of the Potsdam Agreement has, however, been obstructed by the failure of the Allied Control Council to take necessary steps to enable the German economy to function as economic unit. Essential German administrative departments have not been established, although they are expressly required by the Potsdam Agreement. The working out of a balanced economy throughout Germany to provide the necessary means to pay for the approved imports has not been accomplished, although that too is expressly required by the Potsdam agreement. The barriers between the four zones of Germany are far more difficult to surmount than those between normal independent states. The time has come when the zonal boundaries should be regarded as defining only the areas to be occupied for security purposes by the armed forces of the occupying powers and not as self-contained economic or political units. From a speech given by James Byrnes, US Secretary of State, in the German city of Stuttgart on 6 September 1946.

©DHS 2018 3 Source C A cartoon published in a British newspaper on 9 September 1945. Source D In as much as the situation created in Berlin, as well as in all Germany, is the direct result of the systematic violation by the Governments of the U.S.A., Great Britain, and France of the decisions of the Potsdam Conference and also of the agreement of the four powers concerning the control mechanism in Germany. The Soviet Government must reject as completely unfounded the statement of the Government of the U.S. to the effect that the measures for the restriction of transport communications between Berlin and the western zones of occupation of Germany introduced by the Soviet command. It is for the defense of the economy of the Soviet zone against its disorganization that are alleg edly in violation of the existing agreements concerning the administration of Berlin. A letter addressed to the US and British Governments by the Soviet Government on 14 July 1948. [Turn over Berliners Western powers

©DHS 2018 4 Source E On June 18, the Western powers informed the Soviet Union that a new currency – the Deutsche Mark - was to replace the Reichmark in the western zo nes. Head of Soviet Military Administration in Germany Sokolovsky told the Western commanders that this was illegal and would complete the division of Germany. In retaliation, the Soviet Union introduced a new currency into all sectors of Berlin, whereupon the Western powers, on June 23, extended their currency reform to the western sectors of Berlin. On the following day the Soviet Union, claiming unspecified “technical difficulties”, imposed a blockade of rail, road and water routes to Berlin. Stalin was enraged in what George Kennan called “a kind of squeeze play”. He wanted to force the Western powers either to give up their moves towards a separate West German state, or to relinquish West Berlin. At dinner in his dacha on January 10, 1948, and again a month later in a meeting with Yugoslav and Bulgarian communist leaders, Stalin had “stressed that Germany would remain divided: ‘The West will make W estern Germany their ow n and we shall turn Eastern Germany into our own state. Extracted from a historian’s work on the Origins of the Cold War, 2005. Now answer the following question. a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided in Sources A and B on the reasons for the breakdown of the Grand Alliance. [10] b) How far do Sources A-E support the view that the Soviets were responsible for the Berlin Blockade? [30]

©DHS 2018 5 Section B You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2) Assess the view that ideology has failed to cement the Sino-Soviet alliance. [30] OR 3) “ASEAN contribution towards the resolution of the 1979 Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia must be attributed to its ability to manage international challenges.” Discuss. [30] AND EITHER 4) “Absolute power corrupts absolutely.” Critically evaluate the above statement in view of the performance of the United Nations Security Council during the Cold War. [30] OR 5) How far do you agree with the view that the UN mission in Kosovo was a success? [30] END OF PAPER