PJC H1 HIST

1 Candidate's Name: __________________________ CT Group: _________ PIONEER JUNIOR COLLEGE H1 HISTORY JC 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2018 8821/01: The Cold War and the Modern World (1945–2000) DATE: 13/09/2018 (THU) TIME: 1400–1700 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided. Write in dark blue or black ink. Start each answer on a new piece of paper. If you use more than one sheet of paper, fasten the sheets together. Information to candidates: You are reminded of the need for grammatically correct English and clear presentation in your answers. For official use Question No. Full Marks Marks Obtained 1(a) /10 1(b) /30 /30 /30 TOTAL: 100

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3 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR 1 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source A From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an "iron curtain" has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and a ll are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow. The Russian-do minated Polish government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germany. The Communist parties, which were very small in all these eastern states of Europe, have been raised to pre-eminence and power far beyond their number s, are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control. Police governments are prevailing in every sense, and so far, except in Czechoslovakia, there is no true democracy. Excerpt from former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech, 5 March 1946. Source B The following circumstances should not be forgotten. The Germans made their invasion of the USSR through Finland, Po land, Rumania, Bulg aria and Hungary. The Germans were able to make their invasion through these countries because, at the time, governments hostile to the Soviet Union existed in these countries. As a result of the German invasion the Soviet Uni on has lost irretrievably in the fighting against the Germans, and also through the German occupation and the deportation of Soviet citizens to German servitude, a total of about seven million people. In other words, the Soviet Union’s loss of life has been several ti mes greater than that of Britain and United States of America put together. Possibly in some quarters an inclination is felt to forget about these co lossal sacrifices of the Soviet people who secured the liberation of Europe from the Hitlerite yoke. But the Soviet Union cannot forget about them. And so what can there be surprising about the fact that the Soviet Union, anxious for its future safety, is tr ying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries? How can anyone who has not taken leave of his senses de scribe these peaceful aspirations of the Soviet Union as expansionist tendencies on the part of our state?” Excerpt from Stalin’s interview with Soviet newspaper “Pravda”, 14 March 1946.

4 Source C There isn’t a doubt in my mind that Russi a intends an invasion of Turkey and the seizure of the Black Sea St raits to the Mediterranean. Unless Russia is faced with an iron fist and strong language, another war is in the making. Only one language do they understand – “How many divisions have you?” I do not think we should play compromise any longer. We should refuse to recognise Rumania and Bulgaria until they comply wi th our requirements; we should let our position on Iran be known in no uncertain terms and we should continue to insist on the internationalisation of the Rhine-Danube waterway and the Black Sea Straits and we should maintain complete contro l of Japan and the Pa cific. We should rehabilitate China and create a strong central government there. We should do the same for Korea. Then we should insist on the return of our ships from Russia and force a settlement of the Lend-Lease Debt of Russia. I’m tired of babying the Soviets. Excerpt from President Truman’s letter to James Brynes, U.S. Secretary of State, 5 January 1946. Source D The foreign policy of the United States is characterised in the post-war period by a striving for world supremacy. For this purpose, broad plans for expansion have been developed. These actions on the part of the US undoubtedly are also linked with American oil and other economic interests in the Middle Ea st. It must be kept in mind, however, that incidents such as the visit by the American battleship Missouri to the Black Sea Straits, the visit of the Am erican fleet to Greece, and t he great interest that US diplomacy displays in the problem of the straits, have a double meaning. On the one hand, they indicate that the United States has decided to consolidate its position in the Mediterranean basin to support its interests. On the other hand, these incidents constitute a political and military demonstration against the Soviet Union. The strengthening of US will ther efore signify the emergence of a new threat to the security of the Soviet Union. Telegram to the Soviet government by Soviet Ambassador to the United States, Nikolai Novikov, 27 September 1946.

5 Source E A political cartoon drawn by a British cartoonist, published in June 1947. Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast Source s A and B on their portrayal of Soviet actions in Eastern Europe after World War II. [10] (b) How far do Sources A–E support the assert ion that Soviet aggression in Europe was responsible for the outbreak of the Cold War from 1945? [30]

6 Section B You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2. “When China’s relations with the USSR worsened, ties with the USA improved.” How far do you agree with this statement in the period between 1950 and 1979? OR 3. Assess the importance of ASEAN to Singapor e’s foreign policy during the Third Indochina War. AND EITHER 4. “Compared to the UN General Assembly, the role played by the UN Secretary- General during the Cold War was more critical.” Discuss. OR 5. To what extent was the success of United Nations peacekeeping efforts in the 1956 Suez Crisis enabled by the absence of great power politics? ---THE END--- This document consists of 6 printed pages.

7 Suggested Answer Guide Section A THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR (c) Compare and contrast Sources A and B as evidence on Soviet actions in Eastern Europe after World War II. [10] Level Marks Descriptor L0 0 No evidence submitted or answer does not address the question. L1 1-3 Answer describes and/or paraphr ases content of the sources with underdeveloped and/or weak comparis on between sources. Topic sentences do not even address the question directly. L2 4-7 Answer will compare and cont rast both sources based on their content ideas only. Valid inferences such as the sources agree that Soviet actions in Eastern Europe have been assertive, and/or the sources however disagree on t he intent behind Soviet