PJC H1 GEO Marking Guide

H1 GEOGRAPHY PRELIMS 2017 MARKING GUIDE Theme 3: Geographical Investigation 1 (a) With reference to Resource 1, suggest a suitable hypothesis for your group investigation. [1] Possible responses can include:  Site A would have a lower infiltration rate than Site B  The residential area in Bukit Batok would have a lower infiltration rate than the nature park. Award 1 mark for a suitable hypothesis. (b) Explain how your group would minimise the impact of your investigation differently at the two sites shown in Resource 1. Indicative content: • At the nature park  minimize impact on the ecosystem through measures such as: • Minimize the removal of vegetati on when driving the tin can into the soil • After removing the tin can at the end of investigation, ensure soil is evened out • Avoid littering at the nature park • At the residential area greater concern will be minimizing social impacts • Minimize disturbance to resident s by conducting investigation away from pathways/ avoid obstructing pathways • Minimize noise when conducting investigation as residential blocks are within close proximity [5] (c) With reference to Resource 2, sketch a line graph to represent the infiltration rates for Site A and Site B over time respectively. Suggest 2 reasons why this method may be better than the one depicted in Resource 2.  Award 3 marks for a valid line graph depicting the infiltration rates for both sites. Marks awarded for title, accurate proportion, accurate labelling of axis and line graphs. [5]

2    For reasons, point marked. Award 1 mark for each valid reason o Able to see infiltration over time better visually o Able to provide a better comparison across both sites as it is represented in 1 diagram (d) Your group concluded that some of the infiltration data collected may not be completely reliable and/or accurate. Explain how the process of data collection could be improved. Indicative content: • Conduct investigation on more than one day as conditions may change based on rainfall events • Repeat experiment at 2 different sa mpling points to increase reliability • Use a double ring infiltrometer instead as it can minimize lateral flow of water • Pick a shaded spot to conduct investigation to minimize water loss through evaporation which can affect accuracy of data [7] (e) Evaluate the usefulness of Resource 2 and Resource 3 in helping to understand the influence of landuse on infiltration rates in Singapore. Indicative content: • Opinion/stand? • How has it improved understanding? • Data collected has shown that landuse has a significant impact on infiltration rate as depicted in Resource 2. For nature park, infiltration took place for a longer time before reaching capacity whilst for the residential area, it took a much shorter time. (105 mins vs 90mins). Infiltration rate was also higher for nature park (max of 125mm/hr) compared to residential area (max of 65mm/hr) • Collecting soil samples as shown in Resource 3, has shown that soil type can also play a significant role in affecting infiltration at different landuses. Sandy soil collected in the nature park allows more water to pass through as it has larger pore spaces, allowing more infiltration to take place. On the other hand, clay has small pore spaces and swells up when it absorbs water, slowing down the entry of water into the soil attributing to the low infiltration rate as well as reaching of infiltration capacity. • However, there are limitations…. • Other factors may also have affected the infiltration rate (compaction, slope, previous rainfall events) [7]

3   • In terms of data collection scale (too few locations), location (choice of landuses), frequency • Sum up, reiterate stand. Section B Theme 2: Urban Change Urban Issues in Brazil 2 (a) Describe the location of favelas in Brazil as depicted in Resource 4. [3] Possible responses:  Cities with the most favelas are concentrated in the eastern coast of Brazil.  Largest concentration of favelas are in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro which have about 1200 and 1000 favelas respectively  Most of the favelas are located in a clus ter in SE Brazil with 6 of them in close proximity to each other Point marked. 1 mark for each valid point. (b) Explain the characteristics of favelas as seen in Resource 5. Indicative content:  Overcrowded with houses located at very close proximity to each other due to large population sizes  Located on steep hillside (hazardous/unfavourable land) as favela dwellers are probably unable to afford proper housing  Haphazard structure of houses with lack of proper roofing due to lack of finances of slum dwellers Level Marks Descriptors 3 5 Response demonstrates accurate knowledge of characteristics of favelas. Explanation is detailed, thorough and relevant. Reference made to resource in response and information from resource used to substantiate response. 2 3-4 Response demonstrates adequate knowledge and understanding of characteristics of favelas. Explanation is valid but may be somewhat limited in relevance and detail. Some of the response may not fully address the context of the question. Limited reference made to resource, 1 1-2 Response demonstrates limited or no knowledge and understanding of characteristics of favelas. Explanation lacks detail. Overall the response does not the address the context of the question. No reference made to resource. [5]

4   (c) With reference to Resource 5, explain the potential hazards faced by slum dwellers. Possible responses can include:  Destruction to property and loss of liv es due to landslides as steeper hillslopes are more susceptible  Overcrowded conditions can lead to ea sy transmission of diseases (health hazards)  Exposed cabling wires can pose fire/electrocution hazard Point marked. Any 2 well explained hazards for 2 marks each. [4] (d) Account for the changes in service provision in favelas as shown in Resource 6. Indicative content:  In 10 years, there has been significant improvement in service provision where households with electricity has more than doubled from 32% to 80%, households with sewers have increased by more than 4x from 11% to 51%  However, though households with piped water was the highest in 2000 at 71%, there was only a minimal increase of 4%  The significant improvement to service provision could be due to government efforts to upgrade slums (due to increase in funds available from rapid economic development), NGO/internationa l organizations efforts in recent decades to embark on bottom up initiatives to improve the quality of slums.  However, with increasing demands of water as well as water scarcity, piped water provision could have seen the least improvement though the % are relatively high for a favela. Level Marks Descriptors 3 5 Response demonstrates accurate knowledge of service provision in favelas. Explanation is detailed, thorough and relevant. Reference made to resource in response and information from resource used to substantiate response. 2 3-4 Response demonstrates adequate knowledge and understanding of service provision in favelas. Explanation is valid but may be somewhat limited in relevance and detail. Some of the response may not fully address the context of the question. Limited reference made to resource, 1 1-2 Response demonstrates limited or no knowledge and understanding of service provision in favelas. Explanation lacks detail. Overall the response does not the address the context of the question. No reference made to resource. [5] (e) With reference to Resource 7, evaluate the Brazilian government’s strategy of relocating slum dwellers. [8] Indicative content:  Opinion/stand?  Benefits of relocation: improves the imag e of the city, moderni