2019 JC2 H2 Geography Prelim P1 ANSWER SCHEME

1 Catholic Junior College 2018/2019 GEOGRAPHY 9751/01 Paper 1 Structured Essay Questions 21 August 2019 3 hours Additional Materials: Answer Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your class and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer three questions. One from each section. You should make reference to appropriate examples studied in the field or the classroom, even where such examples are not specifically requested by the question. Diagram and sketch maps should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer. The world outline map may be annotated and handed in with relevant answers. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. At the end of the examination, you are to hand in each question separately. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Start each question on a fresh sheet of paper. You will hand in each question separately. This document consists of 2 printed pages and 1 blank page. [Turn over Catholic Junior College JC2 Preliminary Examinations Higher 2

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3 Catholic Junior College 2018/2019 ANSWER SCHEME Section A - Tropical Environments Answer one question from this section. 1(a) Explain the erosional processes that take place in the arid tropics. Indicative content Students should explain processes of erosion by water (splash erosion, rainwash and rillwash) and by wind (deflation and abrasion) that occurs in the arid tropics. Better responses would be able to explain why these processes occur within the arid tropics. [12] (b) To what extent are erosional processes the dominant process affecting the development of landforms in the tropics? Indicative content Students should provide a well-evaluated evaluation discussing the extent to which erosional processes are the dominant process affecting the development of landforms in the tropics. This should be weighed against other processes such as weathering, mass movement, tectonic uplift, transportation/depositional processes by wind and climate change. Arguments should be well-exemplified. Overall stand should be consistent and well justified. Better responses would be able to discuss how the dominant processes would vary according to whether they are landforms in the humid tropics (karst landforms), or landforms in the arid tropics (yardangs, dunes and/or loess). [20] 2(a) Explain how the seasonal variation in wind direction influences precipitation patterns during the African monsoon. Indicative content Students should explain how the seasonal variation in the wind direction would affect wet and dry seasons during the African monsoon. Better responses would be able to contextualise this in both the West and East African monsoon. [12] (b) Discuss the extent to which trade winds and monsoon winds affect precipitation characteristics in the tropics. Indicative content Students should provide a well-evaluated evaluation discussing the extent to which trade winds and monsoon winds affect precipitation characteristics in the tropics. This should be contrasted with other factors affecting rainfall, such as topography, convectional heating, [20]

4 Catholic Junior College 2018/2019 ocean currents, continentality effect and climatic anomalies such as El Nino and cyclones. Arguments should be well-exemplified. Overall stand should be consistent and well justified. Better responses would be able to weigh the relative importance of trade winds and monsoon winds with other factors, and link them to both the humid and arid tropics. They should also draw synoptic links to other topics such as global warming that may cause heavier rainfall in the humid tropics, and drier climates in the arid tropics. Section B – Development, Economy and Environment. Answer one question from this section. 3(a) Explain the challenges of managing natural resource extraction in countries heavily dependent on the extractive industry. Indicative content Responses can include a range of challenges/problems associated with natural resource extraction, such as economic, social and environmental challenges. Challenges are environmental pollution, income inequality, profit repatriation, economic vulnerability to global markets, political conflict, lack of local linkages and so on. Better responses are able to (i) contextualise explanation to why dependent countries face these challenges, and (ii) explain the root reason for these challenges mentioned above (that could be linked to historical reasons, geographical concentration, lack of skilled labour, complacency and lack of diversification). Dependent countries are those that depend heavily on the extractive industry for economic growth, and tend to be from the poorest parts of the world. Examples are also considered relevant content that can be credited. [12] (b) “The views of Malthus, Boserup and Harvey are not relevant to explaining the relationship between populations and resources today.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Indicative content Responses to acknowledge that these 3 theories have some level of relevance – relationship between resource and population whereby too much consumption can lead to deficits in supply of resources of food, technology and population, and the role of capitalism in causing lack of resources in some places due to uneven distribution of wages and capital. At the same time, these theories have flaws – why has Malthusian doomsday not occurred, is there a limit to technology in stretching the boundaries of the [20]

5 Catholic Junior College 2018/2019 environment, and is capitalism the cause of all resource scarcity problems or have they led to better outcomes for some countries? Better responses will include explicit evaluation frames using global/national scale; time period of now vs then and what has changed. Responses in the better levels will also show how the 3 theories are different and each respond to the flaws in the other, as well as rank which theory might be most relevant today and why. Links to the global economy, development theories, tropical environments and sustainable development are possible as synoptic links. Detailed examples can be credited. 4(a) Explain how states can encourage economic development in Less Developed Countries. Indicative content Responses can include a range of state-led strategies, including investing in businesses, starting export processing zones, providing public services like transport networks, telecommunications networks, regulating the economy for stability of investments, reskilling/upskilling, joining trade blocs, or even seeking loans from WB/IMF. Better responses are able to (i) contextualise explanation to why these strategies can be used for LDCs (reference their comparative advantage in global economy, low level of skills and aspirations for higher-value added work), (ii) specific categories of state action/role instead of piecemeal processes, and (iii) link strategies to type of economic development i.e. employment, wages or capital inflow. Relevant examples will also be credited. [12] (b) “Countries endowed with resources are doomed to experience economic, environmental and social problems.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? [20] Indicative content Responses can include the perspectives of potential economic, social and environmental problems that can occur – profit repatri