JJC H2 GEO P2 Ans

Prelim H2 P2 Answer Key Question 1 (a) Suggest a plan detailing how st udents managed to collect the data provided in Resource 1, 2 and 3. [8] 1. Groups and venues Students could organise themselves into teams, each team will be assigned to a specific venue, select a few suitable housing estates for instance a mature estate with more elderly and a newer estate with more future elderly residents. In the neighbourhoods specifically, they will choose a suitable public spot to find the specific residents to do the job. 2. Sample Size: The students should conduct the surveys with the residents each student should at least do 10 surveys with random elderly/future elderly residents. This is to ensure that the sample size of the survey (total 120 surveys) would be sufficient for data analysis. At each estate the number of surveys should be equal for fairness in terms of comparison by sample size. 3. Timing of the survey: Students should ideally consider the timings that would allow them to have enough respondents to complete their surveys. Students need to choose wisely their timings (e.g. weekday or weekend) to collect sufficient data. For instance maybe, 3 shifts per day at select timings (peak or non-peak hours), where there are more human traffic to be able to have sufficient respondents. 4. Survey questions Students should design a short survey with a few questions asking respondents about their interaction levels. The survey should be short in MCQ or short answer questions, so that respondents would be willingly to participate, as it doesn’t take up too much of their time. (b) Explain how Resource 1, 2 and 3 can help the students understand more about the needs of the elderly in Singapore. [6] • Resource 1 shows the level of community participation levels of the elderly, beyond physical infrastructure, it is important to know the social dimensions of the need of the elderly. Data suggest that most of the elderly have low levels of community participation, so more could be done to encourage community participation.

• Resource 2 shows the reasons why the elderly are not participating in community activities. Resource 1 shows the data but not the reasons behind it so, resource 2 will provide the reasons behind it. • Resource 3 looks at the frequency with which elderly meet with the elderly. This could help us understand how socially integrated the elderly are and their social connections. Their living arrangement could also be inferred from this. • All 3 resources provide us an understanding to the social aspects of the needs of the elderly. (c) Identify the data r epresentation method in Re source 3 and state its usefulness and limitations. [3] Bar Graph Usefulness: • Bar graphs are visually easy to understand, indicating the % clearly. • It also shows 2 categories of elderly and future elderly able to compare future generations. • Shows clearly the percentages accordingly. Limitations: • We do not know the sample size of participants for the survey (d) Suggest and justify another data representation method to showcase data in Resource 2. (d) Piechart Advantages • display relative proportions of multiple classes of data • size of the circle can be made proportional to the total quantity it represents • summarize a large data set in visual form • be visually simpler than other types of graphs • permit a visual check of the reasonableness or accuracy of calculations • require minimal additional explanation • be easily understood due to widespread use in business and the media Bar-graph

Advantages • show each data category in a frequency distribution • display relative numbers or proportions of multiple categories • summarize a large data set in visual form • clarify trends better than do tables • estimate key values at a glance • permit a visual check of the accuracy and reasonableness of calculations be easily understood due to widespread use in business and the media (e) Identify some obstacles that students would face during the data collection process. [3] • Elderly might not want to participate in the interview either due to lack of interest or fear of privacy. Care-takers might not want the elderly to participate. • Language issues such as the elde rly only know dialect that the surveyors might not understand or able to translate. • Health issues such as the elderly being hard of hearing or having dementia which might affect accuracy of data. Question 2 (a) Using Resource 1 and 2, comp are the rainfall and temperature characteristics of Mangalore, India and Iquitos, Peru. [6] Similarities  Low annual range in temperature for both locations though Mangalore slightly higher. Iquitos is about 1 degrees and Mangalore is about 3 degrees High average annual temperatures exceeding 25 degrees Celsius. Iquitos at 26.7 degrees and Mangalore at 27.9 degrees High annual rainfall for both locations. Iquitos at 2865mm and Mangalore at 3200mm Differences  Rainfall is rather consistent for Iquitos ranging from 160mm in July to 325mm in March (no distinct dry season). Rainfall is rather uneven for Mangalore (ranging from 0mm in January and February to 1000mm in July.

Highest peak rainfall for Mangalore is much higher than peak rainfall of Iquitos (1000mm versus 325mm) (b) Using Resource 1, 3 and your own knowledge, account for the precipitation pattern for Mangalore, India. [6] For this question, explain the seasonal changes of the monsoon with changes in the ITCZ in January and July. NE monsoon  Drier as ITCZ shifts south during northern hemisphere winter High pressure in Northern Hemisphere  Dry continental air blows from Asian continent from the Siberian high  Dry conditions. In July, SW monsoon ITCZ shifts north, South west monsoonal winds blow across the Indian ocean towards Asian landmass (Asiatic low) due to strong solar heating and resulting in low surface pressure over Asian landmass  Brings moisture as the winds pick up moisture from the Indian ocean  Wet conditions Mangalore is also near the coast near the Western Ghats (If students know though not necessary)  Mountain barriers facilitate the trapping of precipitation along the windward coastal area near where Mangalore is located  High precipitation results. (c) Using Resource 1 and Resour ce 3, explain how flood risk in Mangalore may differ in December and in July. [4] December lower flood risk  Drier conditions  Lower discharge levels  Within bankfull discharge levels July Higher flood risk  High intense precipitation above 1000mm  Saturated soil conditions, higher discharge levels  Exceed bankfull discharge levels  Higher flood risk (d) Imagine you are working for the Flood management authorities in India, suggest a plan which you c an advise the authorities to reduce the impacts of flooding in Mangalore based on information in Resource 1 and Resource 3. (9) Indicative content: For this Question, can make use of points studied in flood management such as hard and soft management measures and also flood warning systems. Any 4 points well explained. Plan can include at least 3 points from the various management strategies from Prediction, Mitigation and Response: - Flood and rain warning systems

- Recurrence interval (but not recommended unless records are kept (difficult to predict due to erratic weather these days) - Flood risk and hazard mapping - Satellite imaging and terrain mapping (to determine low lying and high risk areas) - Flood risk planning (If possible reduce building in flood prone areas or if need to build must have good drainage and pumps to manage areas) - Hard measures such as flood guard, watertight encasement, building of settlements on higher stilts may reduce damages cause by floods