DHS Prelim H2 GEO P1 2 Answer Scheme

Name: Index Number: Class: Answer Scheme for Papers 1 and 2 _________________________________________________________________________ DUNMAN HIGH SCHOOL PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS Year 6

2 9751/2018/02/Prelim Examinations Paper 1 Theme 1: Tropical Environments 1a Explain the differences in channel processes in the tropics. Indicative content The main factors to explain the differences would be discharge and sediment characteristics. There will be greater and continuous erosion and transport of load especially the suspended load due to the higher and regular discharge in the humid tropics albeit there will be seasonal differences in the seasonally humid climates. However, deposition will be more dominant in the arid tropics as the rivers are generally dry most of the time. 1b ‘River channels in the tropics have very different characteristics.’ Discuss the validity of this statement. Indicative content The main argument is that the river channels in the humid and arid tropics are very different, but the counter-argument is that there are important similarities too e.g channels in both the seasonally humid and dry climates exhibit nested channels due to variations in levels of discharge. The presence of nested channels in the dry climates is a good synoptic link to the wetter past experienced by these climates. 2a Explain why tropical deforestation is a major environmental concern? Indicative content: There are 2 key aspects in this response: the context and why the impacts are a ‘major’ environmental concern. To understand ‘major’, the impacts should be examined from a scale perspective. Global impacts would be atmospheric and biological: global warming and loss of biodiversity. The release of stored carbon has large-scale impact as these heat-trapping gases have a long lifespan leading to global warming concerns. It is especially a worrying trend in the tropics as the scale of deforestation is very large and growing rapidly especially in the Amazon Basin. At the regional scale, the lithological and hydrological impacts can be discussed. 2b ‘ The biggest challenge to effective management of tropical deforestation is political will’. Discuss. Indicative content: A variety of legislative and regulatory measures have been established to protect forests. These include REDD+ (international partners), reforestation, protected areas, pledges. Much of the forest is owned by the state and so the state is able to have the legitimacy to implement strategies on a suitable scale to address the problems, but the state needs to have the political will to be committed to sustainable forest management practices.

3 9751/2018/02/Prelim Examinations 3(a) With reference to one or more TNCs, explain how these firm’s production circuit operates at the global level. Candidates would need to define what is meant as a production circuit: part of the global production network (GPNs) that TNCs operates on in order to find the “spatial fix” in the production network at the global level. Producti on circuit is a result of the international fragmentisation of production processes in orde r to maximise profits based on comparative advantages certain locales have over others in some aspects of the production circuit. Production circuit includes inputs, transformation, distribution, consumption, additional inputs (technology, service and energy inputs) and control system such as logistics, financial and regulation). Candidates would then highlight how these produ ction circuit operates at the Global level. Can use either BMW or Shell as case studies or a combination of both. Need not give more than 1 TNC if required as long as your case study covers all of the above mentioned aspects in detail. (b) “Regional and international organisations are the most important actors in governing the global economy.” To what extent do you agree with this view? Candidates would need to discuss the role of the regional and international organisations as the most important actor in the global economy or are these organisations merely an actor in the global economy. As such, a large portion of the essay must discuss the role of this entity at the global level. The effectiveness of the role of international and regional organisations determined by 2 factors- 1) its bargaining power vis-à-vis other actors (“negotiated outcomes”) and 2) the relative importance of other actors such as the state and TNCs in determining global trade policies. Conclusion: Role of regional and international regulators are definitely an important agent in the global economy, but its importance is determined by its bargaining power with other global actors such as the state and TNCs. 4(a) Explain the considerations when assigning ownership of water resource in countries at low levels of development. Candidates would need to explain what are the various forms of ownership – public, private, semi-private in the form of concessions, management, leases, divestiture Candidates would be required to explain the various considerations, Social considerations, Economic & Technological Considerations and Political (b) “International water agreements between riparian states is an effective strategy in managing transboundary water resources and their resultant conflicts.” To what extent do you agree with this view? Candidates would need to identify a host of strategies in managing transboundary water resources which can include international water agreement within riparian countries, unilateral state directed basin management programs as well as evoking international principles in sharing of trans-border water resources so as to avert conflicts. These conflicts

4 9751/2018/02/Prelim Examinations would be over the quality and quantity of water resources. The success of these strategies is contingent to various criterions. Hence, trans-boundary agreements could be deployed to resolve potential conflicts if these considerations were fully tackled with. Theme 3: Sustainable Development 5aExplain what sustainable development means to countries at different levels of development. Indicative content Sustainable development involves three interdependent dimensions: economic, social and environmental. Candidates may also include the key ideas of ‘needs’ and ‘limits.’ Responses should recognize that countries are at different levels of development and will prioritise their needs differently. A good explanation would entail the understanding of the different agendas (brown, grey and green) associated with the level of development and their implications on sustainable development. 5b ‘Achieving sustainable development is more successful in some countries than others’. Discuss. Indicative content Having established the different understandings of SD to countries of various levels of development, the focus of this essay is to outline the possible challenges of achieving SD in selected countries. Sustainable development requires a planning agenda which maximises goals across the three dimensions. Candidates may explain that sustainable options are being adopted in key areas such as public transport, energy needs and water management. A higher level of response will show that sustainable development is contextualized to countries at different levels of development and acknowledge that all three dimensions of sustainable development are prioritized accordingly. 6a Explain how the ecological footprint and urban metabolism vary in cities of different levels of development. Indicative content Factors that can influence the ecological footprint and urban metabolism include demogra