IJC H2 GEO P1 Answers

INNOVA JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS in preparation for General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 2 GEOGRAPHY Paper 1 Structured Essay Questions Additional Materials: Answer Paper World outline map 9751/01 27th August 2018 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use a HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. Answer three questions. One from each section. You should make reference to appropriate examples studied in the field or the classroom, even where such examples ar e not specifically requested by the question. Diagrams and sketch maps should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer. The world outline map may be annotated and handed in with relevant answers. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. At the end of the examination, fasten each section with a separate cover page and hand in. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page. Innova Junior College [Turn over

2 9751/01/IJC/AUG18 ANSWER SCHEME (PRELIM EXAMINATIONS, 2018)

3 9751/01/IJC/AUG18 Section A – Tropical Environments Answer one question from this section. 1 (a) With the aid of well-labelled diagrams, account for the variation in channel morphology in the tropics. Suggested Answer • To define Channel Morphology (The dimension (width, depth), shape and pattern (sinuous, meandering, straight) of a stream channel.) • It is different in the Humid and Arid Tropics – Due to Climate (Temperature and Rainfall), Geology of the Soil/Land, Vegetation • Students can use either Bradshaw or Schumm to explain the morphology of channels/rivers in the arid and humid regions. (Though the theories explain about movement from the upper to the lower courses, the factors like width, depth, gradient, velocity, discharge are to be considered for this answer) Arid Humid Climate (High fluctuating or large diurnal range in the year with low precipitations eg: BWh and BSh – lesser than 500mm of rain per year) Climate (Due to the location around equator temperatures do not fluctuate much, high precipitation but can have distinct precipitation/dry season eg: Af, Am and Aw) Inputs are lower for the arid regions compared to the humid regions and this input affects the channel For the Channel Morph in the arid region – ephemeral streams and tributaries (not permanent due to the high temperatures promoting evaporation – water tends to flow outwards (widely) thus higher surface area so the evaporation rates are higher. Lower discharges in the channel, channels can be shallower due to the lower discharges so the vertical and lateral erosion rates are much lower In the humid region there is perennial tributaries, higher rainfall contributes to higher discharges and channels can be deeper due to vertical erosion. At the lower courses there will be more lateral erosion due to erosion of the banks. Channels are deeper due to higher discharges The velocity of channel in the arid region will usually be lower due to the lower discharges – there w ill be higher friction thus reducing the speed at which the discharge flow. However, during periods of flash floods the velocity will increase due to high amounts of rainfall. This is also due to the fact that the land or soil is baked, and does not aloow for infiltration to occur so the overland flow is Horton and there will be high surface flow moving into the channels. In addition to that the vegetation is also low in the arid regions thus allow for overland flow to move quickly into the rivers. Velocity will be high – high rainfall and discharges – more laminar flow rather than turbulent flows. Soil is also very porous and there is usually luxuriant vegetation so infiltration and interception rates and levels are high. [12]

4 9751/01/IJC/AUG18 (b) "Discharge is the most important factor influencing channel patterns in the tropics." Discuss. [20] It is an important factor eg: Braided Channels – fluctuating discharge and for the Meanders – Perennial. But other factors also – Load type and composition and also other pre-requisites eg: Leopold Langbein Students should be able to give evidence on how discharge makes a difference. There must be good explanation on how the type of discharge in the arid region (fluctuating discharge) and Am/Aw (distinct dry periods) brings about the formation of braided channel – So high discharge high erosion, transportation and low discharge high deposition. Diagrams must be drawn to show how the change in the discharge brings about the formation of fe atures such as braid bars, submerging braid bars, flanking channels etc For the meandering channels – explain high discharges in the humid regions eg: Af so meandering – formation of cliffs and SOS. Explain the fluvial processes that form the features, use diagrams to enhance the answer. But there are other factors which are as important eg: Load type – how load types is different for meandering, higher percentages of clay while for braided there is a higher percentage of coarse load to form the more stabilized bars. Leopold and langbeing – pools and riffles for meanders are important. Diagrams are essential for this question.

5 9751/01/IJC/AUG18 2 (a) Using relevant diagrams, explain how wind erosion affects landforms in the hot and arid tropics. [12] What is wind erosion – Aeolian processes of abrasion must be explained well and also the movement of the sand – saltation, suspension, creep etc. Erosion is different from weathering. Erosion must be clearly defined. Draw diagram/s – Yardang, Loess, Dunes – any 2 to be explained. Diagrams needed (Arid) As for the Arid regions – low rainfall and fluctuating temperature brings about weathering processes that carve out various features example – thermal fracture, salt weathering. Water is important – Lut in Iran (Yardangs – undercutting by water)

6 9751/01/IJC/AUG18 (b) Assess the role played by climate in affecting the formation of landscapes in the humid tropics. [20] Climate is important – rainfall amounts and temperature in the humid regions – Karst, Van’t Hoff to be quoted. Show difference between the Af, Am and Aw. Show the difference in Rainfall and Temperatures. Explain the rate/type of weathering due to variation in climatic factors But other factors are important – Geology (type of minerals) eg: Granite – cavernous due to salt and also limestone – carbonation process. Show that even if Geology is the same for limestone, the fact that climate variations will either exacerbate or slow down the process of disintegration/breakdown of limestone. The rate of breakdown will vary Vegetation – how the density of vegetation is affected by climate. Sparse and Dense vegetation.

7 9751/01/IJC/AUG18 Section B – Development, Economy and Environment Answer one question from this section 3 (a) Account for the emergence of the New International Division of Labour (NIDL). [12] - New International Division of Labour : NIDL is the spatial separation of tasks and functions (for instance headquarters, R&D and branch plants) which may previously have been done on the same site or within one country. - global scale, based on the law of comparative advantage. - 1. Technological Advancement 2. Change in Spatial Organisation of Relationships in Production 3. Rise and Growing Importance of Transnational Companies (TNCs) 4. Proliferation of supranational bodies en couraging trade liberalis