PJC H2 GEO P1 MarkingGuide

2018 Preliminary Exams H2 Geography Paper 1 Marking Guide All essays to be marked according to these generic level descriptors:

2 Section A – Tropical Environments Answer one question from this section. 1 (a) Explain how and why the flows in a drainage basin differ in tropical rainforest (Af) and sub-tropical steppe (BSh) climates. Indicative content: • Candidates to show understanding in the differences in characteristics of the various flows and stores in Af and BSh as their rainfall and temperature patterns differ. Factors such as soil, geology and vegetation can also be discussed. • Higher level responses will acknowledge the temporal aspect of how the flows change in the year and able to use the water balance equation to illustrate how flows can vary. Levels marked using H2 generic level descriptors for 12m SEQ sub-part (a) [12] (b) To what extent do you agree that sediment regime is the dominant factor in influencing channel patterns? Indicative content: • Candidates to make the links that sediment regime (load size and volume) can influence the channel patterns, braided and meandering along the river’s long profile • There is a need to consider other factors (external and internal) such as climate, vegetation cover, channel discharge, which can influence channel pattern, i.e. at the different formation stages. • Higher level responses should apply a set of clear criteria to assess the factors involved, e.g. scale, temporal, in the different contexts of how channel patterns are formed. Levels marked using H2 generic level descriptors for 20m SEQ sub-part (b) [20] 2 (a) Explain the role of climate in causing mass movements in the tropics. Indicative content: • Candidates to show understanding of the different climatic characteristics in the humid and dry topics accounting for different processes thus leading to different types of mass movement. • Humid tropics would be dominated by chemical and biochemical weathering and dry tropics would be largely physical weathering • Hence humid tropics would have mass movement that have higher water content, higher speed and failed landmass of smaller rock particles such as landslide, mudflow, slump, in contrast, dry tropics would have mass movement that have lower water content, higher speed (due to size of failed landmass) such as rockslide, rockfall and soil creep. • Higher level responses will acknowledge the spatial variations in tropics and how it can influence mass movements. [12] Levels marked using H2 generic level descriptors for 12m SEQ sub-part (a)

3 (b) ‘The issue of deforestation can only be resolved with international action.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? Indicative content: • Candidates to show understanding of the various strategies to resolve deforestation at the different levels: global, regional and local • There is a need to address international ac tion as it is the given content in the question and discuss the relevance and limitation of the strategy and evaluate its importance at the global platform • Higher level responses should look at other strategies at varying scales to have an integrated approach to resolve deforestation. Levels marked using H2 generic level descriptors for 20m SEQ sub-part (b) [20] Section B – Development, Economy and Environment Answer one question from this section. 3 (a) With reference to countries at low levels of development, explain bottom-up approach to development. Indicative content: [12] • Bottom-up or 'grassroots' development is the opposite of a top-down approach in which government imposes development schemes on people. • Its values include listening to local people to discover their needs and views, collaborating with local leaders and using existing community structures to facilitate action. • Many bottom-up initiatives have a bespoke character and are not simply rolled out or transferred from another context. • Many are small scale. The emphasis is usually on improving quality of life and/or standard of living for ordinary people. • Bottom-up development is often the work of NGOs in collaboration with local government. • A higher level response consists of a well-focused and carefully directed explanation of bottom-up approaches from more than one country at a low level of development. Responses should reveal insights of the character and nature of bottom-up development in countries at low level of development. In this context, the response should draw relationships between the strategies employed by the community and the outcomes achieved. • E.g. to utilize WaterAid in Nepal, self-help housing in Cali, Columbia and improving sanitation in Orangi Project, Pakistan Levels marked using H2 generic level descriptors for 12m SEQ sub-part (a) (b) ‘The New International Division of Labour (NIDL) is primarily driven by the quest for low cost labour.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? Indicative content: • Responses should be able to discuss the importance of low cost labour as a driving force for NIDL. In addition, they need to critically evaluate [20]

4 the role of other factors such as government incentives, lack of government regulations for labour and environment, cost of operations and access to suppliers/raw materials. • A higher level response could make use of examples to illustrate the interplay of the various factors that led to NIDL. lt could also include a discussion of the relative influence of specific factors in relation to the examples used. There is a recognition that NIDL of specific industries can vary based on decisions of firms. • Possible links to other topics incl ude 2.2 Extractive industries, 3.1 Sustainable development Levels marked using H2 generic level descriptors for 20m SEQ sub-part (b) 4 (a) Explain David Harvey’s perspective on the relationship between population and resources. [12] Indicative content: • The idea of spatial fix was derived by Harvey to reconstruct Marx’s theory of the geography of capitalist accumulation. • This derived term was used by Harvey to describe capitalism’s insatiable drive to resolve its inner crisis tendencies by geographical expansion and geographical restructuring. • For him, the reproduction and reconfiguration of space are central to the understanding of resource appraisal and the valuation of environment in capital accumulation • Harvey aimed to show that a) capitalism could not survive without being geographically expansionary (and thus perpetually seeing out ‘spatial fixes’ for its problems: b) major innovation in transport and communication technologies were necessary conditions for that expansion to occur; c) the modes of geographical expansion depended on whether it was the search for markets, fresh labour powers, resources or fresh opportunities to invest in new production facilities that was at stake • Through his aims above, Harvey asserts that there is a strong connection between the overaccumulation of capital (based on Marx’s 1 st contradiction of capitalism) and how the ‘spatial fix’ gets pursued- impinging the valuation of resources and environment of societies today. • Higher level responses can make reference to empirical examples to depict Harvey’s perspective (E.g. China pursuing spatial fix through investments in Africa) and relate to how this impinges on the relationship between population and resources Levels marked using H2 generic level descriptors for 12m SEQ sub-part (a) (b) Discuss the reasons for the underperformance of resource-rich countries. [20] Indicative content: • Responses should include a discussion of factors which can explain the performance of resource-rich countries. Candidates should also consider the extent of usefulness of the 'resource-curse' thesis in