AJC_H2_GEO_P1_MARK_SCHEME

2018 JC2 H2 Geo Prelim Paper 1– MARK SCHEME Page 1 of 9 AJC 2018 JC2 H2 Geography Preliminary Examinations – Paper 1 Section A – Tropical Environments Answer one question from this section. 1 (a) Explain how seasonal variations in wind direction affects tropical climates. [12] Indicative content: • Seasonal variations in wind direction refer to monsoons. • The effects of such variations on tropical climates generally revolve around rainfall seasonality. • An explanation of how such seasonal variations in wind direction occur should be provided: change in positi on of the overhead sun across the months; shifts of the ITCZ. • Explanation of how thes e variations then affect rainfall patterns in the tropics should also be provided: effect of variations in land/ sea surfaces on rainfall patterns; other local factors – such as orographic barriers. • A higher level response will offer detailed explanations of both how the seasonal variations in wind directions occur, as well as their resultant effects on rainfall patterns in the tr opical climates. An understanding of context will also be shown, perhaps through discussing/ comparing the effects of the Asian and African monsoons. Levels marked using H2 generic level descriptors for 12m SEQ sub-part (a) (b) To what extent do you agree that vari ations in rainfall only exist between climatic zones in the tropics? [20] Indicative content: • Variations in rainfall can be seen between climatic zones: total amount; seasonality • Variations in rainfall can also be s een within climatic zones, in different locations with location-specific fact ors/ conditions: orographic barriers; local heating; ocean currents; continentality • A higher level response will have a clear statement of degree of agreement with the perspective offered. Responses should provide justification for their stand. Possible links to other topics include: • Occurrence of tropical cyclones leading to higher than average rainfall in some parts of the tropics (Topic 1.2) • Climate change leading to effects on rainfall patterns or changes in rainfall within a climatic zone over ti me (e.g. wet plac es getting wetter, dry places getting drier) (Topic 3.1) Levels marked using H2 generic level descriptors for 20m SEQ sub-part (b)

2018 JC2 H2 Geo Prelim Paper 1– MARK SCHEME Page 2 of 9 AJC 2018 JC2 H2 Geography Preliminary Examinations – Paper 1 2 (a) Explain the variations in surface runoff generation within the tropics. [12] Indicative content: • In essence, students are required to discuss how variations in surface runoff are a result of variations within the tropics. Therefore, in order to address the question, students are required to do the following: o Identify the two different types of surface runoff (overland flow) in the tropics – Hortonian overland flow and saturation overland flow. o Identify variations within t he tro