AJC H2 GEO P1 MARK SCHEME

2018 JC2 H2 Geo Prelim Paper 1– MARK SCHEME Page 1 of 9 AJC 2018 JC2 H2 Geography Preliminary Examinations – Paper 1 Section A – Tropical Environments Answer one question from this section. 1 (a) Explain how seasonal variations in wind direction affects tropical climates. [12] Indicative content: • Seasonal variations in wind direction refer to monsoons. • The effects of such variations on tropical climates generally revolve around rainfall seasonality. • An explanation of how such seasonal variations in wind direction occur should be provided: change in positi on of the overhead sun across the months; shifts of the ITCZ. • Explanation of how thes e variations then affect rainfall patterns in the tropics should also be provided: effect of variations in land/ sea surfaces on rainfall patterns; other local factors – such as orographic barriers. • A higher level response will offer detailed explanations of both how the seasonal variations in wind directions occur, as well as their resultant effects on rainfall patterns in the tr opical climates. An understanding of context will also be shown, perhaps through discussing/ comparing the effects of the Asian and African monsoons. Levels marked using H2 generic level descriptors for 12m SEQ sub-part (a) (b) To what extent do you agree that vari ations in rainfall only exist between climatic zones in the tropics? [20] Indicative content: • Variations in rainfall can be seen between climatic zones: total amount; seasonality • Variations in rainfall can also be s een within climatic zones, in different locations with location-specific fact ors/ conditions: orographic barriers; local heating; ocean currents; continentality • A higher level response will have a clear statement of degree of agreement with the perspective offered. Responses should provide justification for their stand. Possible links to other topics include: • Occurrence of tropical cyclones leading to higher than average rainfall in some parts of the tropics (Topic 1.2) • Climate change leading to effects on rainfall patterns or changes in rainfall within a climatic zone over ti me (e.g. wet plac es getting wetter, dry places getting drier) (Topic 3.1) Levels marked using H2 generic level descriptors for 20m SEQ sub-part (b)

2018 JC2 H2 Geo Prelim Paper 1– MARK SCHEME Page 2 of 9 AJC 2018 JC2 H2 Geography Preliminary Examinations – Paper 1 2 (a) Explain the variations in surface runoff generation within the tropics. [12] Indicative content: • In essence, students are required to discuss how variations in surface runoff are a result of variations within the tropics. Therefore, in order to address the question, students are required to do the following: o Identify the two different types of surface runoff (overland flow) in the tropics – Hortonian overland flow and saturation overland flow. o Identify variations within t he tropics that would result in differences in surface runoff generation – in this case, differences in precipitation between the humid and arid tropics. o Explain why such differences in precipitation would result in Hortonian overland flow and saturation overland flow respectively. • A higher level response mi ght include the following: o Detailed explanations of the differences between Hortonian overland flow and saturation overland flow o Consistent and explicit rele vance of the response to the context - e.g. contrasting between humid and arid tropics with relevant examples Levels marked using H2 generic level descriptors for 12m SEQ sub-part (a) (b) “Man is solely to blame for flooding hazards in the world today.” To what extent do you agree? [20] Indicative content: • Students should discuss both natur al and anthropogenic causes of flooding, and provide a comparison of the relative importance of human activities in causing flooding hazards in the world today. o In the case of natural c auses of flooding, students may particularly want to discuss the role of heavy rainfall in causing flooding hazards. o In the case of human causes of flooding, students could discuss the roles of deforestati on and urbanisation in causing flooding hazards. The role of climate change in intensifying rainfall events, leading to gr eater frequency and/or magnitude of flooding hazards could also be raised. • Students could argue that human acti vities are largely to blame for flooding hazards, especially given current urbanization trends and the trend of global warming. o Fully agreeing with the gi ven statement, which requires evidence that natural factors do not have a part to play in causing flooding hazards at all, is generally not a recommended stand to take. o However, it is possible for students to discuss the role of humans in mitigating flooding hazards to support arguments of how human activities are not completely to blame for the

2018 JC2 H2 Geo Prelim Paper 1– MARK SCHEME Page 3 of 9 AJC 2018 JC2 H2 Geography Preliminary Examinations – Paper 1 occurrence of flooding hazards. • Students should, where possible, make reference to case studies that demonstrate the relative importance of human activities / natural factors in causing flooding hazards. • A higher level response mi ght include the following: o A clear statement of degree of agreement with the perspective offered, with justification for their stand. o Consistent use of case studies to support arguments within the essay. Possible links to other topics include: • The influence of climate on rainfall patterns and thereby the occurrence of flooding hazards in the tropics (Topic 1.1) • The influence of climate change in influencing rainfall patterns (e.g. changes in precipitati on intensity and influence on frequency of tropical cyclone occurrence) (Topic 3.1) • The influence of urbanisation on fl ooding hazard occurrence (e.g. pluvial flooding) (Topic 3.2) Levels marked using H2 generic level descriptors for 20m SEQ sub-part (b)

2018 JC2 H2 Geo Prelim Paper 1– MARK SCHEME Page 4 of 9 AJC 2018 JC2 H2 Geography Preliminary Examinations – Paper 1 Section B – Development, Economy and Environment Answer one question from this section. 3 (a) Explain the different perspectives on how development may be achieved for countries at various levels of development. [12] Indicative Content: • Different perspectives on how development may be achieved include: o Core-periphery model: Shows how the core regions become more economically developed than the periphery regions. Beneficial effects can spread from the develope d, core regions to the less developed, peripheral regions due to increasing deconcentration from the core, increasing interact ions between core and periphery and development of transport and communications infrastructure. These thus lead to economic growth and diffusion to the peripheral regions. o Dependency theory: propos es that the development of the richer nations was attained at the ex pense of the poorer ones, hence accounting for the persistent poverty or low levels of development of the developing countries. While richer countries were able to develop from the prof its reaped by importing primary commodities from the poorer nations and se lling manufactured products, the poorer countries constantly faced a situation of trade deficit where the price of primary commodities were always lower than the price of manufactured products they had to purchase from the richer nations. o Bottom-up development: Shifted t he focus away from an economic understanding of development. Hence it emphasized self-reliance, meeting people’s basic needs, being ecologically sensitive as aspects of development that s hould be attained/ considered. Involved greater public participati on in contextualizing nature of development