EJC Prelim H2 GEO Mark Scheme

Eunoia Geography Unit JC2 H2 Geography Prelims Examination 2018 Marking Scheme for JC2 H2 Geography Prelims Section A – Tropical Environments 1 (a) (b) Explain the factors influencing rainfall distribution in the humid tropics Indicative Content Candidates should consider both the spatial and temporal rainfall variations that exists across the humid tropics. Responses should describe the variations across the 3 climatic types (Af, Am & Aw). Fact ors to explain these variations should include global scale like migration of ITCZ, ENSO, Monsoons and localized scale like relief/topographic effects on onshore wind flow. A higher level response wi ll offer detailed explanation of the factors focusing on ITCZ, seasonal variation of monsoonal winds and at least localized factor accompanied by well annotated diagrams (e .g. location of ITCZ on the World Outline Map, ENSO, formation of or ographic rain. Responses that make reference to places in the climatic zones should be credited with higher marks. Levels marked using H2 generic level descriptors for 12m SEQ sub-part (a) The interplay of climate and geology explains the variation in the karst landscapes in the humid tropics.’ Discuss this statement with support from relevant diagram(s). Indicative Content Karst landscapes in the humid tropics have characteristic surface and sub surface morphology as a result of the interaction between water and geology. Candidates should demonstrate the movement of both surface water (rivers) and sub-surface river and water and the dissolution proce sses of the rock type (limestone or dolomites) and rock structure. A variety of surface landforms such as cone, tower and isolated karst and surface landforms such as cave and speleothems could be used to illustrate the movem ent of water affect the geology or vice versa. Other factors that could influence the karst landforms could be tectonic uplift, vegetation and time. A higher level response should demonstrate the differential erosion by water on the soluble rock guided by secondary perm eability of the rock structure. This is evident through the varied landforms found in the landscapes. Evidence of the varied landscapes can be seen. The count er argument to the statement could examine the present of ot her factors such as tectonic uplift in changing the dynamic of solution processes to enhance t he forms of the landforms over time. Reference to concrete examples of kars t landscapes in Guilin, China or Vietnam and Malaysia should be credited. A good response could use the carbonation equation to demonstrate the dissolution of limestones in sub-aerial to shape the landscapes and movement of water in sub-surface especially in cave resulting in varied forms of speleothems. [12] [20]

Eunoia Geography Unit JC2 H2 Geography Prelims Examination 2018

Eunoia Geography Unit JC2 H2 Geography Prelims Examination 2018 2(a) 2(b) Explain the variations in the drainage basin water balance within the tropics Indicative Content The drainage basin water balance differs between climates in the tropics as well as over time. In general, it shoul d be noted that the drainage basin water balance in the humid tropics is in surplus, whilst it is in deficit in the arid tropics. Students should establish the differenc es in drainage basin and provide relevant explanation to the differenc es, making close reference to the components of the hydrologic cycle (ie: inputs, flows / stores, output). Higher level responses should identify that the drainage basin water balance varies over time as well, especially so for s easonally humid / arid climates (Af, Aw, BSh, BWh). ‘Channel patterns constantly evolve as a result of different physical conditions’. Discuss this statement with support from relevant diagram(s). Indicative Content Physical conditions refer to the climat ic and geological conditions of the drainage basin. Different climatic and geological conditions influence river discharge and hence the amount of energy possessed by the river to do work (ie: fluvial erosion, transport, deposition). In general, students should establish that drainage basins with constantly hi gh discharge gives rise to high-energy river systems that facilitate the format ion of meanders, whereas basins with high discharge variability promotes eros ion and deposition leading to braided channels. Such channel patterns also ev olve due to the geological conditions of the channel (eg: erodability and cohesiveness of beds and banks). Ultimately, students should be able to conclude if climatic and geologic conditions are fully responsible for the development of channel patterns. Higher level responses should explore the influe nce of other activities or conditions that would influence the development of channel patterns. These other factors could include natural events such as ma ss movements; or human activities such as deforestation, hard engineeri ng efforts to manage floods. Students could also explore the impact of global climate change on the drainage basins and hence effects on channel patterns. Synoptic links: Floods (Topic 1.2), Defo restation (Topic 1.2), Climate Change (Topic 3.1) [12]

Eunoia Geography Unit JC2 H2 Geography Prelims Examination 2018

Eunoia Geography Unit JC2 H2 Geography Prelims Examination 2018 Section B – Development, Economy and Environment 3 (a) Explain how the core-periphery and dependency theory help in understanding development in low income countries Indicative Content (low income countries) The centre–periphery (or core–periphery) model is a spatial metaphor which describes and attempts to explain t he structural relationship between the advanced or metropolitan ‘centre’ and a less developed ‘periphery’, either within a particular country Stage 1 – The first stage refers to an underdeveloped region characterized by the prevalence of primary production activities . In this stage, independent local cent res with no hierarchy represents the pre-industrial (agricultural), pre-colonial stage and is associated with a series of isolated self- sufficient local economies and a small sca le settlement structure. Many low income countries have a huge primary sect or focused on agriculture, with little surplus goods being produced. Stage 2 – Backwash Effect. The centre co re ‘feeds’ on the rest of the nation, and the extensive periphery is drained. This is also known as the “backwash” effect, where by population migrations , trade and capital movements all converge on the key growth points of the core region. Low income countries will be drained of talent and resources. Stage 3 characterizes the eventual development of a single national centre with strong sub-cores and peripheries. The si mple centre-peripheral model has progressively transformed to a multi-nuc lear one with the dev elopment of sub- cores and peripheries. New sub-cores start to develop due to economic growth and diffusion from the core region (spread effect). This may also be due to governmental intervention to stimulate growth and development in the peripher y, by the process of decentralization due to increase in production costs (mainly labour and land) in the core area. Low income countries w ill be benefit from t he “spread effect” as production activities move to these areas (e.g. global shift of manufacturing or services) to India. In a historical sense, dependency theory looks at the unequal power relations that have develop