(CHIJ SNGS) S4 Humanities History PRELIM 2022-1

Name: _________________________ ( ) Class: _________ CHIJ ST NICHOLAS GIRLS’ SCHOOL Secondary 4 Preliminary Examinations (50 Marks) HUMANITIES (HISTORY) _____________________________________________________________________ READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name, register number, and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. Do not use highlighters, glue, correction fluid or correction tape. Answer all questions. Write all answers on writing paper. You are reminded of the need for clear presentation in your answers. At the end of the test, fasten all your work securely together. Keep your question paper. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. The total number of marks for this paper is 50. ______________________________________________________________________ This document consists of 7 printed pages and 2 blank pages. [Turn over 2273/02 19 August 2022 1 hour 40 minutes

2 Section A: Source-Based Case Study Question 1 is compulsory for all candidates. Study the Background Information and the sources carefully, and then answer all the questions. You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions, in addition to those sources you are told to use. In answering the questions you should use your knowledge of the topic to help you interpret and evaluate the sources. 1 (a) Study Source A. What can you learn from this source about Trotsky? Explain your answer. [5] (b) Study Source B How surprised are you by this source? Explain your answer. [5] (c) Study Source C. How useful is this source about Stalin’s rise to power? Explain your answer. [6] (d) Study Sources D and E. How far does Source D prove that Source E is false? Explain your answer. ` [6] (e) Study all the sources ‘Stalin rose to power in the USSR solely due to Trotsky’s unpopularity’. How far do these sources support this view? Use the sources and your knowledge to explain your answer. [8]

3 Stalin’s Rise to Power BACKGROUND INFORMATION Read this carefully. It may help you to answer some of the questions. In 1921, Stalin was appointed to the position of General Secretary. Stalin had great power in the Party due to this. He was able to create a network of supporters, especially amongst the rank-and-file Party members. Initially, Stalin’s main rival Trotsky was a significant figure in the Communist Party. Many prominent party members such as Zinoviev and Kamanev did not think highly of Stalin and thought of him as uneducated. Instead, they sided with Trotsky. After Lenin’s death in 1924, Trotsky and Stalin were the main competitors to lead Soviet Union. However, by then, Trotsky’s ideas of ‘permanent revolution’ which sought to promote and incite revolutions all over the world were unpopular with his party members. Many party members also saw him as disloyal to the Party due to his constant criticism. Was Trotsky’s unpopularity the reason for Stalin’s rise to power? Or were there other factors?

4 Source A: A cartoon by a British cartoonist published in 1925. It was published in the year that Trotsky was removed from his position as a high-ranking Soviet Official. Soviet Government Winter Sport in Russia Tossing the Trotsky

5 Source B: Adapted from Lenin’s Testament on January 1923. Since he became General Secretary, Comrade Stalin has concentrated in his hands immeasurable power, and I am not sure that he will always know how to use that power with sufficient caution. Comrade Trotsky... is distinguished not only by his outstanding qualities. Personally he is the most capable man in the present Central Committee. He is also excessively self-confident and ready to be carried away by the purely administrative side of affairs. Stalin is too rude, and this fault, entirely supportable in relations amongst us Communists, becomes insupportable in the office of General Secretary. Source C: Adapted extract from Trotsky’s biography of Stalin written in 1938 Stalin is neither a thinker, a writer nor an orator. Stalin took possession of power, not because he was capable, but through exerting his authority in the political system. And it was not he who created the system. That system was the product of the prolonged and heroic struggle of the Bolshevik Party, which itself came from ideas. Lenin had constant association with the masses through his leadership. Stalin did not play any part but rose to power. And he did not have the exceptional and special qualities to lead properly. Stalin had a contemptuous attitude toward ideas.

6 Source D: From a supporter of the Communist Party. This essay was published in 1935 in Soviet Union. Trotsky opposed Lenin, disrupting the activities of the Communist Party at a time when unity was a question of life and death. It is the whole Communist Party, its structure, activities, its entire line that irked him. In 1926 he was joined by Zinoviev and Kamenev who had distinguished themselves by being opposed to the Bolshevik Party. But even then, he was just as violently opposed to the Party; he slandered Stalin just as viciously as he slandered Lenin—and for the same reasons. Due to his disloyalty, the rank-and-file membership of the Communist Party and every worker in the Soviet Union has refused to follow the man. Source E: Published on a website in 2020. Within four years, Trotsky was forced to leave the Kremlin and take refuge. A week later, Trotsky and Zinoviev, were expelled from the Party. Next day, Trotsky’s friend, Adolph Joffe, killed himself in protest at the dictatorial action of the Stalin leadership. This was the first of Trotsky’s comrades, friends, and family to be driven to death or directly murdered by Stalin’s regime, which through systematic and ruthless repression of its opponents, opened up a river of blood. The Politburo was obliged to promise the restoration of freedom of expression and criticism in the Communist Party. This was supposed to be led by Trotsky and other members who supported him. But Stalin and his associates made sure that these ideas were never followed through.

7 Source F: Adapted from an article from an American history website. Published in 2018. In the early 1920s Stalin passed unnoticed by many observers. Zinoviev and Kamenev, not Stalin, emerged as Trotsky’s principal opponents. These two men felt threatened by Trotsky’s popularity and his military record. Meanwhile, Stalin appointed his own people and advance his own ideas. In 1924, he introduced the notion of “socialism in one country.” The Soviet Union should be strengthened first before spreading revolution to other countries. The concept appealed to many people in the Soviet Union who were concerned about its isolation from the rest of world. Stalin went on to directly counter this idea to Trotsky’s "permanent revolution,” stressing the lack of alliance with others in Trotsky’s ideas. Thanks to propaganda, “Trotskyism” soon became a term connected with elitism, disunity, and a lack of connectedness to the common people.

8 Section B: Structured Essay Question Answer one question. 2 This question is on about World War Two in Europe. (a) Explain why the disarmament efforts before 1940 were unsuccessful. [8] (b) “Germany’s miscalculations were responsible for its own defeat in World War Two.” How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [12] 3 This question is on the Cold War. (a) Explain why the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation was formed in April. [8] (b) “Gorbachev’s leaders