[CHEM] Chapter 11.1 - Fuels Crude Oil

1 DARRELL ER (COPYRIGHTED) © TOPIC 11.1: FUELS & CRUDE OIL DARRELL ER (COPYRIGHTED) ©

2 CHAPTER ANALYSIS THE ABOUT MASTERY EXAM WEIGHTAGE • Straight forward topic • Some memorising to be done • Tested in MCQ mainly • Linked to ‘fractional distillation’ from Chapter 1.2 ‘Separation Techniques’ • Light overall weightage • Constitute to around 1.5% of marks for past 5 year papers DARRELL ER (COPYRIGHTED) ©

3 FUELS & CRUDE OIL METHANE & PETROLEUM FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM KEY CONCEPT DARRELL ER (COPYRIGHTED) ©

4 Fossil Fuels and Crude Oil Fossil fuels are created due to compaction and heat from the remains of aquatic plants and animals. Upon extraction, it is known as crude oil or petroleum, which is a thick black liquid. In order to be used as fuel for planes, cars and cooking, it has to undergo fractional distillation first. Natural gas is a colourless gas found near fossil fuels in the earth’s crust. Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms. Petroleum and natural gas are examples of the hydrocarbons. Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons that has differing numbers of carbon atoms while natural gas comprises mainly methane CH4 (up to 90%). COMPETING USE Petroleum, however, is a non-renewable and limited resource. There is a large demand from the petrochemical industry as naphtha is used as a chemical feedstock. Production of substances such as plastics and drugs will be affected when petroleum eventually runs out. Fuels & Crude Oil DARRELL ER (COPYRIGHTED) ©

5 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION DEPENDS ON DIFFERENT BOILING POINTS Recall from ‘Chapter 1.2 – Separation Techniques’, fractional distillation is used to separation solutions with different boiling points. A similar concept is used to separate the hydrocarbons into the different components! DARRELL ER (COPYRIGHTED) ©

6 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons that has different number of carbon atoms. The different no. of carbon atoms result in them having different boiling points. Petroleum needs to undergo fractional distillation to be separated into useful fractions. Fractional Distillation DARRELL ER (COPYRIGHTED) © Fraction Boiling Point Carbon atoms Uses Petroleum Gas < 25°C 1- 4 Fuel for cooking Petrol / Gasoline 25°C - 60°C 5 - 10 Fuel for car vehicles Naphtha 60°C - 180°C 8 – 12 chemical feedstock Paraffin 180°C - 220°C 10 – 16 Aircraft fuel, heating & cooking Diesel 220°C - 250°C 15 – 25 Fuel for diesel engines like buses & lorries Lubricating Oil 300°C - 350°C 19 - 35 Machine lubricants; polishes & waxes Bitumen >580°C >70 Surfacing roads

7 CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS HOMOLOGOUS SERIES A homologous series is defined as a family of organic compounds that has : • Same general formula • Same functional group • Similar chemical properties (undergo similar chemical reactions) • Gradual change in physical properties • Each member differs from the next by -CH2 FUNCTIONAL GROUP A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that is responsible for the chemical properties of the molecule: • C=C bond in alkenes • -OH group in alcohols • -COOH group in carboxylic acids • -COO- group in esters DARRELL ER (COPYRIGHTED) ©

8 NAMING OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS DARRELL ER (COPYRIGHTED) © Prefix Number Meth- 1 Eth- 2 Prop- 3 But- 4 Pent- 5 Hex- 6 Hep- 7 Oct- 8 Non- 9 Dec- 10 Suffix Homologous series Example -ane Alkanes Propane C3H8 -ene Alkenes Butene C4H8 -ol Alcohol Ethanol C2H5OH -oic acid Carboxylic Acid Pentanoic acid C4H9COOH

Try it yourself! (TYS Question) Answer:

Try it yourself! (TYS Question) Answer: