TMJC Photosynthesis and Respiration Notes

Biology Unit, Tampines Meridian JC Page 1 of 62 Tampines Meridian Junior College JC1 H2/9744 Biology 2023 Core Idea 3A 3. Transformation of Energy – Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration SYLLABUS OVERVIEW No. Overarching Idea Topics 1 Core Idea 1 The Cell and Biomolecules of Life Cell – The Basic Unit of Life 2 Biomolecules of Life and Cellular Transport 3 Core Idea 3 Energy and Equilibrium Transformation of Energy – Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 4 Core Idea 2 Genetics and Inheritance Genetics and Inheritance (I) – The Cell Cycle 5 Genetics and Inheritance (II) – DNA Replication and Gene Expression 6 Genetics and Inheritance (III) – DNA Mutations and their Consequences 7 Genetics and Inheritance (IV) – Molecular Techniques in DNA Analysis 8 Genetics and Inheritance (V) – Organization of Genome & Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes [Includes Core Idea 1D: Stem Cells] 9 Genetics and Inheritance (VI) – Organization and Inheritance of Viral Genomes 10 Genetics and Inheritance (VII) – Organization of Genome & Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes 11 Genetics and Inheritance (VIII) - Inheritance 12 Core Idea 3 Energy and Equilibrium Communication and Equilibrium in Multicellular Organisms 13 Core Idea 4 Biological Evolution Biological Evolution 14 Extension Topic A Infectious Diseases Immunity and Infectious Diseases 15 Extension Topic B Impact of Climate Change on Animals & Plants Climate Change – Causes and Impacts on Animals and Plants

Biology Unit, Tampines Meridian JC Page 2 of 62 TOPIC SYNOPSIS This core idea describes how energy is obtained, transformed and uti lised in biological systems. The following questions should help you frame you learning: • How do organisms obtain and use energy in order to live, grow and survive? Energy is needed to drive biochemical processes in organisms To maintain life -sustaining processes, organisms require materials and energy from their environment. Nearly all energy that sustains life ultimately comes from the sun. Plants and other photos ynthetic organisms make use of sunlight to synthesise carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water during the process of photosynthesis. Light energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates. This chemical energy may be us ed to form plant matter or subsequently released to fuel activities within the plants. All other organisms depend on autotrophs for energy, either directly, by feeding on autotrophs such as plants; or indirectly, as energy is passed along food chains from one organism to the next. Food provides a source of carbohydrates which are broken down to release energy to phosphorylate ADP to ATP during aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration follows a different and less efficient chemical pathway to provide ATP. ATP obtained from respiration is used to drive various essential cellular processes. In eukaryotes, p