TMJC Photosynthesis and Respiration Notes

Biology Unit, Tampines Meridian JC Page 1 of 62 Tampines Meridian Junior College JC1 H2/9744 Biology 2023 Core Idea 3A 3. Transformation of Energy – Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration SYLLABUS OVERVIEW No. Overarching Idea Topics 1 Core Idea 1 The Cell and Biomolecules of Life Cell – The Basic Unit of Life 2 Biomolecules of Life and Cellular Transport 3 Core Idea 3 Energy and Equilibrium Transformation of Energy – Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 4 Core Idea 2 Genetics and Inheritance Genetics and Inheritance (I) – The Cell Cycle 5 Genetics and Inheritance (II) – DNA Replication and Gene Expression 6 Genetics and Inheritance (III) – DNA Mutations and their Consequences 7 Genetics and Inheritance (IV) – Molecular Techniques in DNA Analysis 8 Genetics and Inheritance (V) – Organization of Genome & Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes [Includes Core Idea 1D: Stem Cells] 9 Genetics and Inheritance (VI) – Organization and Inheritance of Viral Genomes 10 Genetics and Inheritance (VII) – Organization of Genome & Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes 11 Genetics and Inheritance (VIII) - Inheritance 12 Core Idea 3 Energy and Equilibrium Communication and Equilibrium in Multicellular Organisms 13 Core Idea 4 Biological Evolution Biological Evolution 14 Extension Topic A Infectious Diseases Immunity and Infectious Diseases 15 Extension Topic B Impact of Climate Change on Animals & Plants Climate Change – Causes and Impacts on Animals and Plants

Biology Unit, Tampines Meridian JC Page 2 of 62 TOPIC SYNOPSIS This core idea describes how energy is obtained, transformed and uti lised in biological systems. The following questions should help you frame you learning: • How do organisms obtain and use energy in order to live, grow and survive? Energy is needed to drive biochemical processes in organisms To maintain life -sustaining processes, organisms require materials and energy from their environment. Nearly all energy that sustains life ultimately comes from the sun. Plants and other photos ynthetic organisms make use of sunlight to synthesise carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water during the process of photosynthesis. Light energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates. This chemical energy may be us ed to form plant matter or subsequently released to fuel activities within the plants. All other organisms depend on autotrophs for energy, either directly, by feeding on autotrophs such as plants; or indirectly, as energy is passed along food chains from one organism to the next. Food provides a source of carbohydrates which are broken down to release energy to phosphorylate ADP to ATP during aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration follows a different and less efficient chemical pathway to provide ATP. ATP obtained from respiration is used to drive various essential cellular processes. In eukaryotes, photosynthesis and respiration occur in membrane -bound organelles. Many steps in photosynthesis and respiration are controlled by enzymes sequestered in t hese organelles and therefore are also limited by similar factors that will affect enzymatic reactions. LEARNING OUTCOMES Core Idea 3A: Transformation of Energy between the Environment and Organisms Plants and other photosynthetic organisms use sunlight to synthesise carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water during the process of photosynthesis. The light -dependent (cyclic and non -cyclic photophosphorylation) and light-independent stages of photosynthesis facilitate the conversion of light energy to chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates produced from photosynthesis can be assembled into macromolecules or broken down subsequently to fuel activities within the plants. Carbon fixation occurs during the light -independent stage and the Calvin cycle ultimately results in the synthesis of sugars in plants. As heterotrophs consume plant matter, energy from the plants is transferred to them. Chemical processes occur during aerobic respiration whereby carbohydrates are broken down to release energy to phosphorylate ADP to ATP during aerobic respiration. The energy is transferred between interacting molecules through the four stages of aerobic respiration when oxygen is present. In the absence of oxygen, fermentation occurs with the release of fewer ATP molecules and the formation of either lactate or ethanol depending on the cell type. Candidates should be able to: a) Identify components of chloroplasts and mitochondria in drawings, photomicrographs and electronmicrographs. b) Explain the absorption and action spectra of photosynthetic pigments. c) With reference to the chloroplast structure, describe and explain how light energy is harnessed and converted into chemical energy during the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Outline the three phases of the Calvin cycle in C3 plants: (i) CO2 fixation (ii) PGA reduction and (iii) ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration, indicating the roles of rubisco, ATP and reduced NADP in these processes that ultimately allow synthesis of sugars. d) Discuss limiting factors in photosynthesis and carry out investigations on the effect of limiting factors such as temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis. e) Outline the process of glycolysis, highlighting the location, raw materials used and products formed. (Details of the intermediate compounds and isomerisation are not required).

Biology Unit, Tampines Meridian JC Page 3 of 62 f) Outline the processes of the link reaction and Krebs cycle highlighting the location, raw materials used and products formed (in terms of dehydrogenation and decarboxylation). g) Outline the process of oxidative phosphorylation including the role s of oxygen and the electron transport chain (ETC) in aerobic respiration. (Names of complexes in the ETC are not required). h) Explain the production of a small yield of ATP from respiration in anaerobic conditions in yeast and in mammalian muscle tissue. i) Explain the significance of the formation of ethanol in yeast and lactate in mammals in the regeneration of NAD. j) Investigate the effect of factors such as substrate concentration, type of substrate and temperature on the rate of respiration. k) Outline chemiosmosis in photosynthesis and respiration (Names of complexes in the ETC are not required). LECTURE OUTLINE 1. Introduction: Overview on the transformation of energy 1.1 The need for energy 1.2 The role of ATP 2. Photosynthesis 2.1 Overview of Photosynthesis 2.2 Chloroplast structure in relation to function 2.3 Light Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis 2.3.1 Roles of Thylakoid Membrane proteins 2.3.2 Light-Dependent reactions: Photoactivation of Chlorophyll 2.3.3 Light-Dependent reactions: Photophosphorylation 2.4 Light Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) 2.5 Relationship between the Light Dependent and Light Independent Reactions 2.6 Factors affecting rate of Photosynthesis 2.7 Relationship between Photosynthesis and Respiration in plants 3. Cellular Respiration 3.1 The big picture 3.2 ATP as the product of cellular respiration 3.3 Mitochondrial structure in relation to function 3.4 Cellular Respiration Overview 3.5 Aerobic Respiration 3.5.1 Glycolysis 3.5.2 Link Reaction 3.5.3 Krebs Cycle 3.5.4 Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation 3.6 Anaerobic Respiration 3.6.1 Production of ethanol in plants and yeast 3.6.2 Production of lactic acid in animal cells 4. Comparisons 4.1 Aerobic VS Anaerobic Respiration 4.2 Photophosphorylation VS Oxidative Phosphorylation 4.3 Lactate Fermentation VS Alcoholic Fermentation 4.4 Krebs Cycle VS Calvin Cycle

Biology Unit, Tampines M