h2 bio 9744 keyword bank

disclaimer: this keyword bank is far from comprehensive since i started it really late lol keywords topic stuff cell structure NUCLEUS - Protects DNA from degradation - presence of studded nuclear pores (transmembrane porin proteins) on nuclear envelope helps regulate the movement of substances into and out of the nucleus - nuclear envelope is a double membrane - 2 phospholipid bilayers - outer surface is studded with ribosomes - outer membrane is continuous with that of the endoplasmic reticulum - phosphate groups of outer membrane face the cytoplasm, those on the inner membrane face the nucleoplasm - phospholipid bilayer is held together by weak hydrophobic interactions between the non-polar hydrocarbon tails of phospholipids - CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE - phospholipid bilayer is held together by weak hydrophobic interactions between the non-polar hydrocarbon tails of phospholipids - cholesterol: carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings and a hydroxyl group at the end MITOCHONDRIA - inner mitochondrial membrane is thrown into many convoluted folds called cristae - high surface area to volume ratio for high rate of oxidative phosphorylation - cristae: high surface area for attachment of electron carriers and ATP synthase

SER - SER is made up of interconnected network of membrane-bound tubules - carbohydrate metabolism - Ca2+ store GA - GA is made up of flattened sacs called cisternae - RER - Ribosomes on RER synthesise polypeptides via translation - Polypeptides fold into native 3D conformation in the RER lumen - made up of an interconnected network of membrane-bound cisternae which is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope - Tagging and packing of products for distribution to other parts of the cell such as the CSM and lysosomes via secretory vesicles - Carbohydrate metabolism - Synthesis of cell wall components - LYSOSOMES - autophagy - fuse with endocytic vesicles to form secondary vesicles TRANSPORT / MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES - diffusion: from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration - hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayered cell surface membrane - Secretory / transport vesicles are transported along microtubules - transmembrane protein channels ADVANTAGES OF COMPARTMENTALISATION - Allows chemically incompatible reactions to be separated physically

- Reactions can take place simultaneously - Allows for accumulation of specific molecules in a specific organelle - Optimises conditions such as pH - Ensures high rate of reaction - standard questions - Advantages of compartmentalisation - Structure / functions of organelles - transport of glucose - fluid mosaic model - why are viruses considered living / non-living biomolecules 1. condensation reactions with the loss of one water molecule 2. glucose concentration gradient 3. glucose is polar, hence hydrophilic 4. weak hydrogen bonds / hydrophobic interactions