TMJC OCEG & Stem Cells Notes

Page 1 of 95 Tampines Meridian Junior College JC2 H2/9744 Biology 2024 Core Idea 2B | 2C | 1D 8. Genetics & Inheritance (V) Organization of Genome & Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes | Stem Cells SYLLABUS OVERVIEW No. Overarching Idea Topics 1 Core Idea 1 The Cell and Biomolecules of Life Cell – The Basic Unit of Life 2 Biomolecules of Life and Cellular Transport 3 Core Idea 3 Energy and Equilibrium Transformation of Energy – Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 4 Core Idea 2 Genetics and Inheritance Genetics and Inheritance (I) – The Cell Cycle 5 Genetics and Inheritance (II) – DNA Replication and Gene Expression 6 Genetics and Inheritance (III) – DNA Mutations and their Consequences 7 Genetics and Inheritance (IV) – Molecular Techniques in DNA Analysis 8 Genetics and Inheritance (V) – Organization of Genome & Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes [Includes Core Idea 1D: Stem Cells] 9 Genetics and Inheritance (VI) – Organization and Inheritance of Viral Genomes 10 Genetics and Inheritance (VII) – Organization of Genome & Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes 11 Genetics and Inheritance (VIII) - Inheritance 12 Core Idea 3 Energy and Equilibrium Communication and Equilibrium in Multicellular Organisms 13 Core Idea 4 Biological Evolution Biological Evolution 14 Extension Topic A Infectious Diseases Immunity and Infectious Diseases 15 Extension Topic B Impact of Climate Change on Animals & Plants Climate Change – Causes and Impacts on Animals and Plants Before Section II of lecture: Pls revise ‘Gene expression’ topic and complete the pre-lecture qns on pg 33

Page 2 of 95 NARRATIVES An understanding of Genetics and Inheritance helps make sense of the transition from molecular to organismal levels. Genetics and Inheritance provides the molecular basis to the understanding of how variation in populations arises and this is important in the study of biological evolution. At the cellular level, expression of genes involves cellular structures such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosome. Many essential products of gene expression are enzymes involved in biochemical pathways whic h control physiological functions. As such, mutation of genes may give rise to dysfunctional proteins which in turn could result in diseases. Sickle cell anemia and cancer are raised as examples of genetic diseases. The following questions should help students frame their learning: • How does the genetic make-up of an organism and the environment influence the organism’s appearance, behavior and survival? • How does the inheritance of genetic information ensure continuity of humans as a species? Heritable information, in the form of DNA (and in some cases RNA), provides for continuity of life Genetic information is stored in an organism’s DNA; expression of genes results in the synthesis of functional products, such as rRNA, tRNA and proteins. These products pla