TMJC Immunity & Infectious Diseases Notes

Page 1 of 50 Tampines Meridian Junior College JC2 H2/9744 Biology 2024 Extension Topic A 14. Immunity and Infectious Diseases SYLLABUS OVERVIEW No. Overarching Idea Topics 1 Core Idea 1 The Cell and Biomolecules of Life Cell – The Basic Unit of Life 2 Biomolecules of Life and Cellular Transport 3 Core Idea 3 Energy and Equilibrium Transformation of Energy – Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 4 Core Idea 2 Genetics and Inheritance Genetics and Inheritance (I) – The Cell Cycle 5 Genetics and Inheritance (II) – DNA Replication and Gene Expression 6 Genetics and Inheritance (III) – DNA Mutations and their Consequences 7 Genetics and Inheritance (IV) – Molecular Techniques in DNA Analysis 8 Genetics and Inheritance (V) – Organization of Genome & Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes [Includes Core Idea 1D: Stem Cells] 9 Genetics and Inheritance (VI) – Organization and Inheritance of Viral Genomes 10 Genetics and Inheritance (VII) – Organization of Genome & Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes 11 Genetics and Inheritance (VIII) - Inheritance 12 Core Idea 3 Energy and Equilibrium Communication and Equilibrium in Multicellular Organisms 13 Core Idea 4 Biological Evolution Biological Evolution 14 Extension Topic A Infectious Diseases Immunity and Infectious Diseases 15 Extension Topic B Impact of Climate Change on Animals & Plants Climate Change – Causes and Impacts on Animals and Plants

Page 2 of 50 TOPIC SYNOPSIS Micro-organisms, e.g. viruses and bacteria, cause diseases which disrupt the equilibrium of physiological systems in humans. This extension topic explores how some infectious diseases are diagnosed and treated. The following question should help you frame your learning: • What cause infectious diseases? • How does the body respond during an infection? • How can infectious diseases be prevented or diagnosed and treated? With an understanding of how the human immune system functions, this concept explores the development of vaccines and vaccines are used to eradicate infectious diseases like smallpox. Yet, not all viruses can be eliminated by vaccines. The influenza virus and HIV infects humans. While treatment is available through vaccines and anti -viral drugs, they are still present in the population due to their high mutation rate. Besides viral infections, diseases can also be caused by bacterial infections. Tuberculosi s is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Although successful vaccination programs in Singapore have kept the infection under control, there have been new cases appearing in the population and it remains a fatal disease in developing countries. LEARNING OUTCOMES Extension Topic A: Infectious Diseases Candidates should be able to: a) Describe the specific (adaptive) immune system, including active, passive, natural-acquired and artificially- acquired immunity, and the non-specific (innate) immune system. b) Out