ASRJC 2023 J1 MYE Insert

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST The Insert contains all the Resources referred to in the questions. This question paper consists of 9 printed pages. [Turn Over] ANDERSON SERANGOON JUNIOR COLLEGE JC1 H2 Geography Mid-Year Common Test (2023) H2 GEOGRAPHY 9173/ 01 5 July 2023 INSERT 2 hrs

2 ASRJC 2023 JC1 H2 Geography MYCT - INSERT Resource 1 for Question 1 The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

3 ASRJC 2023 JC1 H2 Geography MYCT - INSERT Resource 2 for Question 1 Global distribution of mangroves in 2000 Note: Areas in green indicate mangroves.

4 ASRJC 2023 JC1 H2 Geography MYCT - INSERT Resource 3 for Question 1 Tree cover loss in mangroves from 2000 – 2012, by region

5 ASRJC 2023 JC1 H2 Geography MYCT - INSERT Resource 4 for Question 1 Article on mangrove loss in Indonesia Along Indonesia’s coastline lies more than 3.3 million hectares of mangrove forests. This accounts for about 23 per cent of all mangrove ecosystems in the world. Out of this, around 600,000 ha of them have been damaged. However, mangroves have been known to bring many benefits to communities. Man groves can absorb up to five time s more carbon emission than a tree in an upland area. Various studies have shown that mangroves and the soil beneath them can store up to 89 tonnes of carbon per hectare. Mangroves can also withstand large waves and act as a barrier against tsunamis, prote cting residents in coastal areas. They can also be processed for consumption or sale, not to mention the potential for ecotourism. Because of its multiple benefits, m angrove restoration has been seen to be highly important in the pursuit of sustainable development, especially in Indonesia. Nevertheless, many mangroves have been damaged due to natural reasons or human behaviour . World Resources Institute (WRI) Indonesia has found that the biggest contributor to mangrove destruction in Indonesia is the estab lishment of ponds, as mangroves trees must be cleared to make way for their construction. Other causes of damage to mangroves also include conversion of land for shrimp farms, excessive logging, and the establishment of infrastructure in coastal areas such as reclamation, roads and ports. Earlier this year, the Indonesian government set an ambitious target to restore all damaged mangroves by 2024. Despite the level o f ambition, though, funding is a real challenge. Due to rising COVID-19 cases which led to budget constraints, the target for 2021 was lowered to 33,000 ha in 32 provinces. There are also other impediments. For instance, when mangrove areas have been con verted to ponds, the authorities cannot simply replant them. They will need to engage the fishermen, who do not necessarily understand the function of mangroves in the replanting process. Source: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/indonesia-mangro