ASRJC 2023 J1 Promos Ans Key

2023 JC1 H1 Geo Promo – ANSWER GUIDE Page 1 of 7 Section A Cluster 1: Sustainable Future and Climate Change 1 Resource 1 shows India’s urban population from 1911 to 2011. Resource 2 shows percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by employment sector in India, 1950 to 2010. Resource 3 is a factfile giving details about Cairo and Singapore. (a) With reference to Resource 1, describe the changes in total urban population in India and the percentage of India’s population in urban areas from 1911 to 2011. [4] Answer Guide: • Total urban population increased by 335 million [2m] • Percentage of India’s population in urban areas increased by 21% [2m] (b) With the aid of Resource 2, suggest reasons for the ch ange in urban population in India as shown in Resource 1. [4] Things to note: • Award 1 mark for an explanation using data from Resource 2 on the change urban population in India. • Award a m aximum of 1 additional mark for further d evelopment of each explanation. Answer Guide: • 40% decline in GDP by employment in agriculture might have encouraged more rural-urban migration [1m] o As agriculture is predominantly found in the rural area, a decline in employment in this sector causes rural population to seek employment in the urban areas instead. [1m] • 28% growth in GDP by e mployment in services might ha ve encouraged more rural-urban migration [1m] o The growth of services, which are usually urban-based, includes more education provision, be tter health care and even more shops. These become powerful pull factors for the rural population who are attracted to these services. [1m] • 13% growth in GDP by e mployment in manufacturing might ha ve encouraged more rural-urban migration [1m] o As manufacturing can be labour-intensive and often urban-based, it offers potential for employment, which would be a strong pull factor for the rural population to move to the city. [1m]

2023 JC1 H1 Geo Promo – ANSWER GUIDE Page 2 of 7 ASRJC 2023 JC1 H1 Geography Promo (c) Explain how the change in urban population in India may pose challenges in its progress towards sustainable urban development. [4] Things to note: • Award 1 mark for each explanation of how the change in urban population in india may pose challenges in its progress towards SUD • Award a maximu m of 1 additional mark for f urther development of each explanation. Answer Guide: • Challenge for the environmental dimension - generation of massive amounts of untreated and uncollected waste [1m] o The escalating urban growth rates an d lack of finances suggests t hat services such as waste collection may be inadequate to meet the needs of a large urban population. [1m] • Challenge for the economic dimension – poverty [1m] o Lack of opportunities for formal sector employment, especially sin ce the working age population is growing much faste r than gainful employment opportunities. [1m]