ASRJC 2023 J1 Promos Ans Key

2023 JC1 H1 Geo Promo – ANSWER GUIDE Page 1 of 7 Section A Cluster 1: Sustainable Future and Climate Change 1 Resource 1 shows India’s urban population from 1911 to 2011. Resource 2 shows percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by employment sector in India, 1950 to 2010. Resource 3 is a factfile giving details about Cairo and Singapore. (a) With reference to Resource 1, describe the changes in total urban population in India and the percentage of India’s population in urban areas from 1911 to 2011. [4] Answer Guide: • Total urban population increased by 335 million [2m] • Percentage of India’s population in urban areas increased by 21% [2m] (b) With the aid of Resource 2, suggest reasons for the ch ange in urban population in India as shown in Resource 1. [4] Things to note: • Award 1 mark for an explanation using data from Resource 2 on the change urban population in India. • Award a m aximum of 1 additional mark for further d evelopment of each explanation. Answer Guide: • 40% decline in GDP by employment in agriculture might have encouraged more rural-urban migration [1m] o As agriculture is predominantly found in the rural area, a decline in employment in this sector causes rural population to seek employment in the urban areas instead. [1m] • 28% growth in GDP by e mployment in services might ha ve encouraged more rural-urban migration [1m] o The growth of services, which are usually urban-based, includes more education provision, be tter health care and even more shops. These become powerful pull factors for the rural population who are attracted to these services. [1m] • 13% growth in GDP by e mployment in manufacturing might ha ve encouraged more rural-urban migration [1m] o As manufacturing can be labour-intensive and often urban-based, it offers potential for employment, which would be a strong pull factor for the rural population to move to the city. [1m]

2023 JC1 H1 Geo Promo – ANSWER GUIDE Page 2 of 7 ASRJC 2023 JC1 H1 Geography Promo (c) Explain how the change in urban population in India may pose challenges in its progress towards sustainable urban development. [4] Things to note: • Award 1 mark for each explanation of how the change in urban population in india may pose challenges in its progress towards SUD • Award a maximu m of 1 additional mark for f urther development of each explanation. Answer Guide: • Challenge for the environmental dimension - generation of massive amounts of untreated and uncollected waste [1m] o The escalating urban growth rates an d lack of finances suggests t hat services such as waste collection may be inadequate to meet the needs of a large urban population. [1m] • Challenge for the economic dimension – poverty [1m] o Lack of opportunities for formal sector employment, especially sin ce the working age population is growing much faste r than gainful employment opportunities. [1m] Hence, many may be involved in the informal sec tor, which leads to unstable and/or low incomes. [1m] • Challenge for the social dimension – health issues/ lack of access to education/ healthcare services [1m] o Due to unsanitary living conditions (due to lack of infrast ructure/ waste collection services), people may be more prone to certain diseases [1m] o Due to unstable/ low incomes, children may not be able to acc ess educational opportunities/ people may not be ab le to access healthcare services. [1m] (d) Using Resource 3, suggest why the percentage of solid waste being collected is lower in Cairo than in Singapore. [6] Things to note: • Award 1 mark for an explanation using data from Resource 2 on the change urban population in India. • Award a m aximum of 1 additional mark for further development of each explanation. Answer Guide: • Higher population in Cairo (12 mil) compared to Singapore (5.75 mil) OR Higher population density in Cairo (19 386 pp per km2) compared to Singapore (7997 pp per km2) [1m] o The higher population/ population density in Cairo suggests that the city might be significantly more crowded and generates more waste in general, which could po se a greater ch allenge f or the city in terms of waste collection [1m] • Higher % of population living below UN defined poverty line in Cairo (8%) vs SG (0%) [1m] o Due to the difference in wealth lev el, it is likely that Cairo is less able to finance an extensive waste collection service for the city. [1m] o Individual households are also like ly to be unable to affor d paying for waste collection services due to their low/ unstable income [1m]

2023 JC1 H1 Geo Promo – ANSWER GUIDE Page 3 of 7 ASRJC 2023 JC1 H1 Geography Promo • Higher number of informal slum settlements in Cairo (9) vs SG (0) [1m] o Slum settlements indicate a lack of financial resources to provide public housing and thus also an inability to provide for waste collection services [1m] o These slum settlements would also unlikely be part of any waste collection route due to their informal and disorganised nature. [1m] (e) Explain the limitations of landfills as a waste management strategy. [4] Things to note: • Award 1 mark for identification of each limitation. • Award a maximum of 1 additional mark for further development of each explanation. Answer Guide: • Leakage of toxic leachates - This can result in the contamination of both surface and groundwater, posing environmental and health-related challenges. • Infestation by rats and fermentation bacteria -This results from leaving refuse open to air, causing health risks, as well as may generate methane to the extent of causing a fire hazard. • Landfill sites place pressure on available spac e – limits development of land for other purposes, potentially limiting economic and social development.

2023 JC1 H1 Geo Promo – ANSWER GUIDE Page 4 of 7 ASRJC 2023 JC1 H1 Geography Promo Cluster 1: Sustainable Future and Climate Change 2 Rotterdam is a city in the Netherlands. Once a bustling port city, manufac turing and port employment started to decline in the 1980s. As such, the government decided to improve the image of Rotter dam through redeveloping public areas and residential neighbourhoods . Two neighbourhoods which had undergone redevelopment were Oude Noorden and Spangen. Resource 4 shows the c hanges in selected neighbourhood charac teristics in O ude Noorden and Spangen. Resource 5 shows photographs of the Kop van Zuid, a port district close to the city centre that has undergone redevelopment. Resource 6 shows the increase in property tax values in Rotterdam from 2000 to 2008. (a) Compare the changes in the neighbourhood characteristics of Oude Noorden and Spangen as shown in Resource 4. [4] Answer Guide: Oude Noorden Basis of Comparison Spangen Similar decrease in unemployment percentage (from 10% to 6% in Oude Noorden) Change in unemployment percentage Similar decrease in unemployment percentage (from 11% to 6% in Spangen) Similar extent of increase in share of immigrants (7% increase in Oude Noorden) Change in share of immigrants Similar extent of increase in share of immigrants (5% increase in Spangen) Similar trend of change, but extent of increase is smaller in Oude Noorden (17% increase) Change in share of inhabitants satisfied with their area Similar trend of change, but extent of increase is larger in Spangen (35% increase) (b) Explain the economic reasons for urban reimaging efforts in cities like Rotterdam. [6] Answer Guide: • Improve the negative image of the city due to the negative economic effects of deindustrialisation • Post-industrial citie s like Rotterdam have experienced deindustrialisation because of: o Closure of factories in cities. In many industrialised nations, this happened because the inner city zones