CJC 2023 J1 MYE Ans Key

JC1 H1 Geography MYE (2023) Mark Scheme Marking Approaches (a) Point marking is used for marking all sub-parts of the structured question. • For point marking, the general rule is that each creditworthy response is awarded one mark. More detailed guidance is provided in the marking guide for each question. (b) Generic level descriptors are used for marking 13-mark essays. • Possible approaches are provided for questions marked using generic level descriptors. They provide guidance on how the questions could be approached. The possible approaches provided are neither exhaustive nor should they be treated as model approach to questions. Section A Cluster 1.1 Cities in a Sustainable Future 1 Resource 1 shows the share of people living in urban areas in 1960 and in 2020. Resource 2 shows a photograph of the Kibera Slum located in Nairobi, Kenya. Resource 3 is an excerpt form an article ‘Why residents of Kibera Slum are rejecting new housing plans’. (a) Cite data to describe the changes in the share of p eople living in urban areas from 1960 to 2020 as shown in Resource 1. Award 1 mark for each description using data from Resource 1 on the changes in share of people living in urban areas from 1960 to 2020. Award a maximum of 1 additional mark for further development of each description, where applicable. Possible responses include: • Generally, there has been an increase in the share of people living in urban areas for all continents with the exception of Australia that remained at 80-90% urban across the years. • Highest increase: o Significant increase in regions of South America, Africa and East Asia, which increased from around majority 0 -40% urban to majority 20-90% urban o China, that increased from being 10 -20% urbanised in 1960 to 50-60% urbanised in 2020 o Brazil, that increased from being 40-50% urban to 80-90% urban o Southeast Asia: Increased from mostly 10 -20% urban to mostly 50-60% urban • Lowest increase: [4]

o Russia, that increased from 50-60% urban to 70-80% urban o North America (USA, Canada), that increased from 60-70% urban to 80-90% urban • Moderate increase: o Eastern Europe: Increased from mostly 50-80% urban to mostly 70-90% urban o Western Europe: Increased from mostly 30-50% urban to mostly 50-80% urban AO2 (b) Explain how the increase in urban population may affect the environment negatively. Award 1 mark for an explanation of how the increase in urban population may affect the environment negatively, to a maximum of 4 marks. Award a maximum of 1 additional mark for further de velopment of each explanation, where applicable. Possible responses include: • Increase in urban population may result in higher consumption levels due to growing affluence levels, causing higher generation of waste. o If waste is improperly disposed, this co uld result in pollution of water supply as toxic leachates may contaminate groundwater sources and rivers. • Inc