2023 EJC J1 Promos Ans Key

EUNOIA JUNIOR COLLEGE JC1 Promotional Examination 2023 General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 2 GEOGRAPHY 9173/01 27 September 2023 3 Hours Structured Questions Essay Questions READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST An answer booklet will be provided with this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper, ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, index number and name on the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE ON ANY BARCODES. Answer both questions in Section A (60 marks) Answer two questions in Section B (40 marks), one from each cluster. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 4 printed pages.

2 Section A Answer both questions. Cluster 2: Tropical Environments 1 Cyclone Batsirai was a deadly tropical cyclone which heavily impacted Madagascar in February 2022 and is one of the strongest tropical cyclones to strike Madagascar . Resource 1 shows global distribution of tropical cyclones. Resource 2 shows the pathway of Cyclone Batsirai from 2 February to 7 February 2022 and its effects on rainfall pattern in the region. Resource 3 shows a photograph of a mass movement which occurred in Madagascar after Cy clone Batsirai. Resource 4 shows a diagram classifying different types of mass movement. (a) Describe the global distribution of tropical cyclones shown in Resource 1. [5] General (Spatial distribution) • Generally, tropical cyclones can be observed in the tropical regions between 5°N - 30°N and 5°S - 30°S over tropical oceans. Specific (Spatial distribution) • Cyclone pathways observed in Resource 1 generally move from these tropical regions towards higher latitudes. • There is a greater proportion of tropical cyclones formed at the Northern Hemisphere (69%) as compared to the Southern Hemisphere (31%). Specific (Temporal distribution) • Specifically, while tropical cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere tend to occur in the later half of the year (e.g. May to November over the Arabian Sea), those in the Southern Hemisphere mainly occur from the late to beginning of the year - from January to March. Anomaly (Spatial distribution) • An anomaly observed would be that within the tropical region of 5°N - 25°N and 5°S - 25°S, areas such as the western and eastern coasts of South America do not experience any tropical cyclones. • No tropical cyclones found in the South Atlantic Accept any other plausible answers. AO2 (b) With reference to Resource 1, explain two conditions necessary for the development of tropical cyclones. [4] Award 1 mark for each condition necessary for the development of tropical cyclones. Award a maximum of 1 additional mark for further development. Presence of warm water (Total 2m): • Tropical cyclones are formed in the presence of warm ocean waters with temperatures above 280C • which helps generate sufficient evaporation and subsequent warming of the air above waters. This in turn creates an area of low pressure, subsequently allowing for further convergence of wind from surrounding areas of higher pressure. AO1

Presence of deep layers of warm water (Total 2m): Presence of Coriolis effect (Total 2m): • Presence of strong Coriolis effect is important in the formation of tropical cyclones. • It helps to spiral winds inward cyclonically at low levels towards the low pressure area and allows the rising column of air to twist , forming tropical cyclones Accept any other plausible answers. (c) Cite data from Resource 2 to describe the past and forecast track of Cyclone Batsirai from 2 February to 7 February. [5] Award 1 mark for each description of the cyclone track. Award maximum 1 additional mark for further development of each description General trend: • The cyclone generally moved in a southwest direction from the Mozambique Channel and over Madagascar. Specific: • General increase in speed as it moves southwestwards towards the eastern coast of Madagascar + Data • Made landfall along the eastern coast of Madagascar on 5 Feb 12:00 UTC (243km/h) • Continued to move inland in a westward direction, at rapidly decreasing speeds from 243km/h on 5 Feb 12:00UTC to only 63 km/h on 6 Feb 12:00UTC [1 mark]. During this time, it degraded from tropical cyclone on 5 Feb to a tropical storm on 6 Feb [1 additional mark]. • Slight increase in wind speeds from 63km/h to 74km/h as it eventually travels off the coast of Morombe AO2 (d) Explain how Cyclone Batsirai affected the rainfall pattern in Madagascar as shown in Resource 2. [5] Award 1 mark for each description of the cyclone track. Award maximum 1 additional mark for further development of each description • Generally, Resource 2 shows that the rainfall levels decrease when a region is further away from the cyclone path + Data • This is because the tropical cyclone brings about intense rainfall to the regions it travels pas [1 mark] + Data on distance travelled over Indian Ocean [1 additional mark]. AO2

• However, when it moves further inland, the amount of rainfall received in regions like Manja/Morombe decrease + Data • This is because the cyclone has lost significant amounts of moisture along the coastal region where it first made landfall [1 mark]. Furthermore, as it moves over land, the cyclone no longer has a source of warm waters providing the continual supply of moisture and subsequent rainfall to the regions inland [1 additional mark]. (e) With reference to Resource 3, suggest why the mass movement has occurred in Madagascar. [5] Award 1 mark for each description of the cyclone track. Award maximum 1 additional mark for further development of each description Award maximum 4 marks if responses do not highlight the condition for mass movement to take place. Condition for mass movement to take place: • When shear stress exceeds shear strength, mass movement occurs. Explanation: • Intense rainfall during the cyclone event  oversaturation of soils  shear strength decreases [1 mark], as the soils lose its cohesiveness due to increased pore water pressure [1 additional mark] • Rainfall also adds weight to the slope materials  increases shear stress [1 mark] • Buildings  adds weight to the slope  increases shear stress [1 mark] • Road cutting  alters the slope angle  decreases shear strength [1 mark]. When slope angle eventually exceeds the angle of repose, slope becomes unstable and mass movement can occur [1 additional mark]. AO1 (f) Using Resource 4, describe the differences between an earth flow and mud flow. [6] Velocity – Magnitude (2 marks) • Generally, mud flow is faster than earth flow (1 mark) + Data (1 additional mark) Velocity – Range (2 marks) • Earth flow occurs over a wider range of velocities than mud flows (1 mark) + Data (1 additional mark) Water content (2 marks) Earth flows contain lesser water content as compared to mud flows (1 mark) + Data (1 additional mark) AO2

3 Cluster 3: Sustainable Future and Climate Change (30 marks) 2 Resource 5 shows the global temperature anomaly from 1880 to 2022 compared to the 1951 - 1980 average. Resource 6 is a cartoon about challenges in implementing strategies to respond to climate change. Resource 7A shows the normal thermohaline circulation in the Atlantic Ocean and Resource