2023 HCI J1 MYE Ans Key

2023 C1 H2 Geography Q 1) (a) With reference to Resource 1, compare the urbanization trends between Northern Africa and Western Asia and Central and Southern Asia, 2000-2018. [3] Award 1m for each comparison, to a maximum of 2m for either similarities or differences, i.e. answer must provide at least one similarity and one difference. Possible responses include: Difference: • Central and Southern Asia started with a much higher percentage of urban population living in slums (46% in 2000) as contrasted with Northern Africa and Western Asia (22% in 2000) • Most significant drop in percentage of urban population living in slums seen in Central and Southern Asia in 2014 (dropped to 32%) whereas Northern Africa and Western Asia’s drop is less significant in 2014. • Percentage of urban population living in slums on an upward trend in Northern Africa and Western Asia between 2014-2018 vs. Central and Southern Asia which maintained a general downward trend Similarity: • Both regions showed a decrease in the percentage of urban population living in slums between 2000-2014 • For all periods, percentage of urban population living in slums for both regions was less than 50% (b) With reference to Resource 2, suggest reasons for global variations in the access to piped water. [4] Award 1m for each reason and 1 additional mark for further development of each reason, where applicable, to a maximum of 2m for each reason. Possible responses include: • Differences in levels of development and hence differences in finance and technology e.g. extremely poor/ inconsistent levels of infrastructural provision in Central Africa (with less than 50% of the urban population having access to piped water) vs. very high levels of infrastructural provision in Europe and Northern America with 90-99% of urban population having access • Differences in governance and political will, e.g. politically unstable or political strife, resulting in governments tied down by warfare, protests, unable to focus on supplying basic services to citizens • Developing regions with higher percentage of urban population living in high-density housing makes it harder to build infrastructure to reach out to individual households (c) Citing evidence from Resource 3, describe two aspects of the deprivations experienced by slum dwellers. [4] Award 1m for each description of an aspect of deprivation citing evidence from Resource, with further 1m for development of deprivation. Possible responses include: • Lack of basic services – in this case, lack of access to clean, piped water. One handpump well seems to be serving many households. Containers will need to be brought out to collect water • Substandard, inadequate building structures – tarpaulin, cloth and woven mats used for roofing and some walls to keep out rain, which are non-permanent and unsuitable for the wet climate seen • Unhealthy, hazardous living conditions – open drai