2023 HCI J1 MYE Ans Key

2023 C1 H2 Geography Q 1) (a) With reference to Resource 1, compare the urbanization trends between Northern Africa and Western Asia and Central and Southern Asia, 2000-2018. [3] Award 1m for each comparison, to a maximum of 2m for either similarities or differences, i.e. answer must provide at least one similarity and one difference. Possible responses include: Difference: • Central and Southern Asia started with a much higher percentage of urban population living in slums (46% in 2000) as contrasted with Northern Africa and Western Asia (22% in 2000) • Most significant drop in percentage of urban population living in slums seen in Central and Southern Asia in 2014 (dropped to 32%) whereas Northern Africa and Western Asia’s drop is less significant in 2014. • Percentage of urban population living in slums on an upward trend in Northern Africa and Western Asia between 2014-2018 vs. Central and Southern Asia which maintained a general downward trend Similarity: • Both regions showed a decrease in the percentage of urban population living in slums between 2000-2014 • For all periods, percentage of urban population living in slums for both regions was less than 50% (b) With reference to Resource 2, suggest reasons for global variations in the access to piped water. [4] Award 1m for each reason and 1 additional mark for further development of each reason, where applicable, to a maximum of 2m for each reason. Possible responses include: • Differences in levels of development and hence differences in finance and technology e.g. extremely poor/ inconsistent levels of infrastructural provision in Central Africa (with less than 50% of the urban population having access to piped water) vs. very high levels of infrastructural provision in Europe and Northern America with 90-99% of urban population having access • Differences in governance and political will, e.g. politically unstable or political strife, resulting in governments tied down by warfare, protests, unable to focus on supplying basic services to citizens • Developing regions with higher percentage of urban population living in high-density housing makes it harder to build infrastructure to reach out to individual households (c) Citing evidence from Resource 3, describe two aspects of the deprivations experienced by slum dwellers. [4] Award 1m for each description of an aspect of deprivation citing evidence from Resource, with further 1m for development of deprivation. Possible responses include: • Lack of basic services – in this case, lack of access to clean, piped water. One handpump well seems to be serving many households. Containers will need to be brought out to collect water • Substandard, inadequate building structures – tarpaulin, cloth and woven mats used for roofing and some walls to keep out rain, which are non-permanent and unsuitable for the wet climate seen • Unhealthy, hazardous living conditions – open drain filled with trash, possible open sewer. (d) With reference to Resources 1 and 3, suggest why strategies to improve the lives of slum dwellers may fail. [6] Award 1m for each reason why strategies may fail, with further 1m for development of reason with links to strategies, to a maximum of 2m/reason. Possible reasons include: • Location of slum resettlement/redevelopment: may be located too far away/disconnected from work places, multiple deprivation of slum dwellers i.e. inability to even afford transport from work place to new slum homes • Aggressive urban population growth: fueled by both natural increase and high, incessant rural-urban migration, which contribute to demand for housing but not met, hence even with strategies such as public housing, it may be insufficient to keep up with demand

Q2) “Cities in developing countries face greater challenges in addressing the issues faced by the elderly in urban areas compared to cities in developed countries.” Evaluate this statement. [20] Students could approach the question by making a judgement on whether cities in developing countries face greater challenges in addressing the issues faced by the elderly through a consideration of two or more issues faced by the elderly living in the city related to: - Economic well-being - Social well-being - Psychological well-being Students could consider whether there are unintended negative impacts/ trade -offs in addressing these issues, and if there are some issues that are more pressing at different stages of development. It is also relevant for students to consider how these challenges impact cities’ progress towards sustainable development. Levels marked using Generic Level Descriptors for H2 essays Q3) Evaluate the extent to which angle of incidence causes variations in temperature in the tropics. [20] The best answers unpack ‘ variations in temperature in the tropics’ , stating the two main temperature characteristics: mean annual temperature and annual temperature range. Seasonality of temperature and diurnal temperature range can also be considered. Other than angle of incidence, other factors include amount of atmosphere, axial tilt, altitude, maritime/continental effect, and cloud cover. The choice and sequence of factors are both very important. Tropical climate types (all five – tropical humid and tropical arid) have to be named and linked to the various factors. Exemplification of named locations in various tropical climate types are also needed. The best examples are those looked up and searched based on a student’s own interest in the region, hence the example is not repeated in the next five scripts! (e.g. 20°C cooler temperature at peak of Kota Kinabalu, whereas at base it is fully Af climate of 30°C). • Insufficient capacity and finance from urban governance/ too much reliance on residents and grassroots groups: Improving conditions for existing slum dwellers require technical expertise, financial resources, coordination between different government agencies (e) With reference to Resource 4, describe how the attainment of sustainable urban development can be challenging in developing countries. [6] Award 1m for each point, with further 1m for link to Resource 3. Award a maximum of 1 additional mark for further development of each description, where applicable. Any reasonable reason to link the experiences of the underserved in LDCs with threats to any of the 3 areas of sustainable urban development (social, economic, environmental). (f) Explain the reasons why the development of urban slums is less prevalent in countries at higher levels of development. [7] Award 1m for each reason, with further 1m for further development of each reason, where applicable. Possible responses include: • Lower rates of urban population growth in DCs, more gradual pace of urbanization: less time pressure on providing adequate housing with basic amenities • Stronger urban governance and ability of city governments to plan and provide affordable housing: ability to forecast population growth and demand for housing, setting aside land for housing with good amenities and linkages • Higher levels of development and lower levels of urban poverty: infrastructure already developed, more resources to be able to afford good quality housing

Tropics also need to be briefly defined – climatic zone characterized by high temperatures throughout the year. Being an evaluative essay, an assessment needs to be made, of the ‘extent’ of which a factor causes variation in temperature in the tropics. Acceptable evaluation includes: spatial extent of effect, e.g. across the tropics (angle of incidence) vs localized (cloud cover), temporal extent of effect, i.e. across time (angle of incidence – causing high mean annual temperature throughout the year). Some answers are discerning in arguing that angle of incidence plays a small