2024 SAJC 8838 01 H1 History Prelims

STANDREW’SJUNIORCOLLEGEPreliminaryExaminationGeneral Certificateof EducationAdvancedLevelHigher 1 HISTORYPaper1:TheColdWarandtheModernWorld(1945–1991) 8838/0128Aug20243hours NoAdditional Materialsarerequired. READTHESEINSTRUCTIONSFIRST An answer booklet will be provided with this question paper. You should follow theinstructionsonthefront of thecover oftheanswerbooklet.Ifyouneedadditional paper,asktheinvigilatorforacontinuationbooklet. SectionAAnswer Question1. SectionBAnswer twoquestions. Thenumberofmarksisgiveninbrackets[]attheendofeachquestionorpartquestion. Thisdocumentconsistsof 5printedpagesand1blankpage. [TurnOver

SectionA YoumustanswerQuestion1. CUBANMISSILECRISIS 1 Readthesourcesandanswerthequestionswhichfollow. SourceA The Soviet Government deems it necessary to drawthe attention of all governments andworld opinion to the provocations the US Government is nowstaging, provocations whichmight plungetheworldintothedisasterofauniversal thermonuclearworldwar.Thehawkishfactions in the US government have long been conducting an unchecked propagandacampaignagainsttheCubanRepublicintheUSCongressandpress,callingforanattackonCuba and an attack on Soviet ships carrying the necessary commodities and food to theCuban people; in short, calling for war. Soviet ships bring Cubathegoodssheneedsandbuy the goods she has in abundance, which UnitedStateshasrefusedtobuy. TheSovietGovernment is also shipping some armamentstoCubaat therequest of itsgovernment inconnectionwiththethreatsbyaggressiveimperialistcircles.CubaalsorequestedthehelpofSoviet military technicians to train the Cubans in handling up-to-date weapons, becausetheseweaponscall for highskill andknowledge. ThereisalsononeedfortheSovietUniontoshift itsweaponsfor therepulsionof aggressiontoanycountry.Ournuclearweaponsareso powerful that thereisnoneedtosearchfor sitesfor thembeyondtheboundariesof theSovietUnion. Fromanofficial USSRstatement, 11September 1962. SourceB Thissecret, swift, andextraordinarybuildupof Communist missilesinanareawell knowntohaveaspecial andhistorical relationshiptotheUnitedStatesandthenationsoftheWesternHemisphere, inviolationof Sovietassurances,andindefianceofAmericanandhemisphericpolicy. Thissudden, secret decisiontostationstrategicweaponsfor thefirst timeoutsideofSoviet soil is a deliberately provocative and unjustified change in the status quo whichcannot be accepted by this country, if our courage and our commitments are ever to betrusted again by either friend or foe. This latest Soviet threat must and will be met withdetermination. Any hostile move anywhere in the world against the safety and freedomofpeoples will be met by whatever action is needed. To the captive people of Cuba, yourleadersarenolongerCubanleadersinspiredbyCubanideals.Theyarepuppetsandagentsof aninternational conspiracywhichhasturnedCubaagainst your friendsandneighborsinthe Americas and turned it into the first Latin American country to become a target fornuclear war, thefirst LatinAmericancountrytohavetheseweaponsonitssoil. Thesenewweaponsarenotinyourinterest.Theycontributenothingtoyourpeaceandwell-being.Theycanonlyundermineit. But thiscountryhasnowishtocauseyoutosuffer or toimposeanysystemuponyou. Weknowthat your livesandlandarebeingusedaspawnsbythosewhodenyyour freedom. Intheendit isyouthepeoplewhowill suffer andit isyour welfareandinterestswhichweashumanbeingsshouldall beconcernedwith. FromaspeechbyJ.FKennedy, AmericanPresident, 22October 1962.

SourceC Khrushchev wasrecklessinhispolicytowardsCuba. Khrushchevinsistedthat our missilesbe sent to Cuba to extend our influence over them. You canaskanyof our generals, andtheywill tell youthat theplansfor military“penetration” of SouthAmericaarejustdelusionsleading to a greater danger of war. Khrushchev’s actions led to a crisis, and brought theworld to the brinkof anuclear war. It scaredKhrushchevtoo. Havingnoother wayout, wewere forced to accept all the demands dictated by the US. This event damaged theinternational prestige of our country, while at the same time strengthening US prestige.Soviet-Cubanrelationsdeterioratedseriously. CastroandtheCubanpeopleunderstoodthewithdrawal of the missiles as abandoning Cuba to its fate. Serious cracks emerged intheCubans’ attitudetowardus,andwestill feel them. FromaSoviet Politburomember, 14October 1964. SourceD Historiansassumed, for manyyears, that it wasthis–havinghisfaçaderippedawaybyU-2spy planes – that drove Khrushchev into a desperate attempt to recover by sendingintermediateandmedium-rangemissiles, whichhedidhaveinabundance,toCubain1962.“Why not throwa hedgehog at Uncle Sam’s pants?” heaskedinApril, notingthat it wouldtake a decade for the Soviet Union to equal American long-range missile capabilities. It isclearnow,though,thatthiswasnotKhrushchev'sprincipal reasonforactingashedid. Khrushchev intended his missile deployment chiefly as an effort, improbable as thismightseem, to spread revolution throughout Latin America. He and his advisers had beensurprised, butthenexcited,andfinallyexhilaratedwhenaMarxist-Leninistinsurgencyseizedpower inCubaonitsown, without all thepushingandproddingtheSovietshadhadtodotoinstall communistregimesinEasternEurope. Khrushchevrecalled. “Wehadtothinkupsomewayof confrontingAmericawithmorethanwords. WehadtoestablishatangibleandeffectivedeterrenttoAmericaninterferenceintheCaribbean.Butwhatexactly?Thelogical answerwasmissiles.” FromanAmericanacademic, 2005.

SourceE FromaBritishcartoon, 24October 1962. Nowanswerthefollowingquestions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided by Sources A and B on USA’s policytowardsCuba. [10] (b) Howfar doSourcesA-Esupport theassertionthat theCubanMissileCrisiswascausedbyKhrushchev’saggression? [30]

SectionB Youmustanswer twoquestionsfromthissection. EITHER 2 ‘The development of the Sino-American relationship from the 1950s to 1975 waslargely driven by the events unfolding in Vietnam.’ Howfar do you agree with thisstatement? [30] OR 3 How far do you agree that the evolution of US-Japan relations between 1952 and1991weredrivenbyColdWardevelopments? [30] ANDEITHER 4 Howfar doyouagreethat ‘Vietnam’sinterestswerethekeydriverforthecauseanddevelopmentoftheThirdIndochinaWarbetween1978and1991?’ [30] OR 5 ‘Since its inception, ASEAN was crucial to ensuring the preservation of regionalpeaceandsecurity?’ Howfardoyouagreewiththisstatement? [30]

BLANKPAGE