ASRJC 2024 JC2 H1 Prelims Paper

ANDERSONSERANGOONJUNIORCOLLEGE JC2PRELIMINARYEXAMINATION2024Higher1 HISTORY 8838/01 Paper 1 TheColdWar andtheModernWorld(1945-1991) Friday, 23August 20243hoursNoAdditional Materialsarerequired. READTHESEINSTRUCTIONSFIRST An answer booklet will be provided with this question paper. You should followthe instructionsonthe front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper ask theinvigilator for acontinuationbooklet. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Write clearly the question numbers onthefirst pageof everyquestionattemptedandthecover page. Start eachanswer onafreshpageof theanswer booklet. SectionAAnswer Question1. SectionBAnswer twoquestions. Thenumber of marksisgiveninbrackets[ ] at theendof eachquestionor part question. Youareremindedof theneedfor goodEnglishandclear handwritinginyour answer. Thisdocument consistsof 5printedpagesand3blankpages. ©AndersonSerangoonJunior College2024 [Turnover

2 SectionA Youmust answer Question1. Theendof armsrace 1 Readthesourcesandanswer thequestionswhichfollow. SourceA I knowthat all of you want peace, andsodoI. I knowtoothat manyof youseriouslybelievethat anuclear freeze would further the cause of peace. But a freeze nowwouldmakeusless, not more,secure and would raise, not reduce, theriskof war. WiththeSoviets’ present marginof superiority,whyshouldtheyagreetoarmsreductionsknowingthat wewereprohibitedfromcatchingup? We need to negotiate froma position of strength that can be ensured only by modernising ourstrategicforces. Toensurethat our securitydidn’t relyonthreat of USretaliationagainst aSovietattack, but on the ability to intercept and destroy ballistic missilesbeforetheyreachedusor ourallies. Tonight, I amdirectingacomprehensiveandintensiveeffort todefinealong-termresearchand development program that could pave the way for arms control measures to eliminate theweapons themselves. We seek neither military superiority nor political advantage. Our onlypurposeistosearchforwaystoreducethedangerofnuclearwar. President Reagan’saddresstothenationondefenceandnational security, 23March1983. SourceB You said in your address that it was your dream to free mankind from the threat of nucleardestruction. Why take this extremely dangerous path of space weapons, which does not promisedisarmament? Instead of spending the next 10-15yearsdevelopingnewsophisticatedweaponsinspace, which are allegedly intended to make nuclear weapons “obsolete” and“impotent”, wouldn’tit bebetter toeliminatethoseweapons? We propose thisplantoreducenuclear weapons–duringthenext 5-8years, theSoviet UnionandUSwould reduce by half their nuclear weapons, on the basis of the mutual renunciation of spaceweapons. We have repeatedly warned that the development of space weapons will destroy thehopes for reductions of nuclear weapons on Earth. We are in favour of eliminating Soviet andUSmediumrangemissilestofreeEuropefromnuclear weapons. Bytheendof 1999, theliquidationofall remaining nuclear weapons will be completed. To facilitate the end of arms race, the SovietUnionhasunilaterallysuspendedanynuclear explosionsfor threemoremonths. Excerpt fromMikhail Gorbachev’sletter toPresident Reagan, 14January1986. ©AndersonSerangoonJunior College2024 8838/012024JC2PRELIMINARYEXAMINATION

3 SourceC This treaty we’re signing today is example of the rewards of patience. It was in November 1981that I first proposed the zero option. For thefirst timeinhistory, thelanguageof “armscontrol” wasreplaced by “arms reduction” – in this case, the complete elimination of an entire class of USandSoviet nuclear missiles. Of course, this required a dramatic shift in thinking, and it tookconventional wisdom some time to catch up. General Secretary Gorbachev…today we’ve seenwhat can be accomplished when we work together. The numbers alone demonstrate the value ofthis agreement. On the Soviet side, over 1,500 deployed warheads will be removed, and allground-launched intermediate-range missiles, including 650 SS-20’s, will be destroyed. On ourside, our entire complement of 550 Pershing II and ground-launched cruise missiles, with some400deployedwarheads, will bedestroyed. Excerpt fromPresident Reagan’sremarksonsigningtheIntermediate-RangeNuclear ForcesTreaty, 8December 1987. SourceD AnAmericancartoonpublishedin1989. SourceE ©AndersonSerangoonJunior College2024 8838/012024JC2PRELIMINARYEXAMINATION [Turnover

4 During the Reykjavik Summit in October 1986, Gorbachev unveiled Soviet proposals on armscontrol that represented several concessions toward the American positions. He also suggestedthat the USand Soviet Union cut their strategic weapons by half, including heavy intercontinentalballistic missiles, and eliminate all their intermediate range missiles in Europe. Reagan grewincreasinglyexcitedbyGorbachev’sinitiatives, but wasunwillingtoaccept thelimitsonSDI. Declassified documents show that soon after Reykjavik, Reagan attempted to galvanise the USgovernment to consider the implications of abolishing ballistic missiles and how it could beaccomplished. This sparked a strong backlash in Washington and among America’s allies, whofeared that removing ballistic missiles from Europe would expose the continent to the superiorconventional forcesof theSoviet UnionanditsWarsawPact allies. Why was Reagan willing to contemplate the elimination of ballisticmissilesandnuclear weapons?He had more firsthand contact with the new Soviet leadership, which allowed him to senseGorbachev’s eagerness and growing desperation for a deal with the US that can limit Sovietmilitaryexpenditures. FromanacademicbookbyanAmericanjournalist, publishedin2010. Nowanswer thefollowingquestions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence in Sources A and B on the strategic priorities of theUnitedStatesandtheSoviet Unioninthe1980s.[10] (b) How far do Sources A-E support the assertion that the end of the arms race was a result ofReagan’sstrategicinitiatives? [30] ©AndersonSerangoonJunior College2024 8838/012024JC2PRELIMINARYEXAMINATION

5 SectionB Youmust answer twoquestionsfromthissection. EITHER 2 ‘The easing of Sino-American relations from 1970s onwards was less about relationship andmoreabout strategicnecessity’ Howfar doyouagreewiththisstatement? [30] OR 3 To what extent didJapan’sdomesticpoliticscontributetothechallengesinitsrelationswiththeUnitedStatesduringtheColdWar? [30] ANDEITHER 4 Howfar doyouagreethat Vietnam’sinvasionof Cambodiain1978wasaresult of shiftingColdWar dynamicsamongthemajor powers? [30] OR 5 ‘Economic priorities were at the heart of Singapore's foreign policy throughout the Cold War.’Howfar doyouagreewiththisview? [30] ©AndersonSerangoonJunior College2024 8838/012024JC2PRELIMINARYEXAMINATION [Turnover

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