2023 TMJC J1 Promos Ans Key

1 Tampines Meridian Junior College 2023 JC1 H1 Geography YearEnd Examination (8834) - Suggested Answers Cluster 1 – Sustainable Cities 1(a) With reference to Resource 1, describe the distribution of slums in Nairobi, Kenya. [4] Indicative content • Most are located in the southern part of Nairobi. • Highest concentration in Kiberia (cite data -about 23 slum dwellings) • Lowest concentration in Pumwani (cite data- only 3 slum dwellings) • Anomaly: none located in Central Administrative Division of Nairobi (b) Describe the characteristics of slum dwelling in Kiberia, Nairobi , as shown in Resource 2. [4] Indicative content *Must support each described characteristic with evidence from R2. • Poorly constructed, unstable structures standing on wooden poles, flimsy corrugated zinc sheets that are not strongly held in place – mostly made of discarded materials including black plastic sheets, pieces of cloth as seen in the foreground of the photo (R2). • Unsanitary living conditions as seen from the litter strewn around the slums that paved their walkways. • Lacks access to basic amenities like water (woman carrying two pails of dirty water in the foreground) and electricity (another woman cooking over fire stove). • Relatively densely packed housing haphazardly built on slopes – slums looked very cramped, lacking in living space as seen in R2. (c) With reference to Resource 2 and your own knowledge , explain how the presence of slums can lead to Nairobi’s being unsustainable in its urban development. [6] Indicative content *Classify in terms of economic, social and environmental urban sustainability • Economic unsustainability – eye-sore to potential investors, negatively affect city’s image as one that is poorly unplanned and unable to offer a good environment for not only its urban dwellers but possibly also for facilitating economic operations. This may not bode well for Nairobi when investors are deterred from investing in the city, negatively affecting its economic sustainable development. • Social unsustainability – R2 shows lack of access to clean water as slum dwellers even need to draw filthy water from nearby dam. This, together with air p ollution from trains, can negatively affect the health of the slum dwellers, causing them to

2 fall ill easily as they fall prey to water -borne diseases such as cholera and dysentery, as well as long term chronic respiratory diseases such as lung cancer respectively. Unsanitary living conditions with litter/waste strewn along the alleys or walkways in R2 also reflects the high possibility of the slum area being a breeding ground for bacteria and the cramped living space facilitates the ease in spread of diseases. • Environmental unsustainability – lack of proper waste disposal methods can lead to environmental unsustainability in terms of not only land pollution but also water pollution i.e. when water comes into contact with decomposed wastes piled up, leaching process occurs and this will result in the contamination of water sources. (d) Suggest some positive effects of slum dwellings. [4] Indicative content Social – R3 indicates that Nairobi has rapidly expanding populations – slum dwellings could offer some form of shelter for the poor, offering a way for the city to cope with its housing shortages for its growing population. Economic – slum dwellings can be a ‘city attraction’ for some tourists who may prefer the less travelled roads, and the railway passing by such slum dwellings can be an informal way in which the slum dwellers can earn a living from tourism. (e) Using Resource 3, explain how creating public spaces c an make the city of Nairobi’s low-income neighbourhoods more sustainable. [6] Indicative content Economic – offers possible employment to youths in designing and transforming the neighbourhood’s public spaces, and at the same time, aid in developing their planning and leadership skills, enabling them to transfer these skills in workforce, possibly generating higher income. At the same time, the low-income group can also rent these public spaces for revenue -generating events or the city can tap on revenue - generating carparks for income that can be channelled towards improving the lives of these low-income group.. Social – community-based activity involving public participation gives people a sense of belonging and ownership. This may help to ensure that the neighbourhood is well- maintained. The transformed public spaces in the neighbourhoods can offer an avenue where self-help groups, families or friends can meet up to interact, promoting cohesion in the community. Social - Children can play safely in these public spaces like parks, unlike in R2, where railways can be a safety hazard to children. Environmental – spaces are cleared of dumped wastes which will help to reduce the negative impacts such as contamination of water sources due to leaching process from such wastes that were previously dumped carelessly in the slum environment.

3 Cluster 1: Liveable Cities for the Elderly 2(a) Describe the changes in Tokyo’s populations of the two age groups from 2000 to 2060 as shown in Resource 4. [4] Generally, • Tokyo’s population aged 6 5 or older shows a significant increase of more than double in population numbers from about 1.8 million in year 2000 to a projected number of 4 million in year 2060. • whereas its population aged 64 or younger experiences a relatively significant decline of nearly half in population numbers from 10 .2 million in year 2000 to a projected number of 6.2 million in year 2060. Specifics: • Tokyo’s population aged 65 or older increased steadily from 1.8 million in year 2000 and projected to peak at 4.4 million in year 2050, remaining at the same number for the next 5 years before declining marginally by 0.4 million to 4 million in year 2060. • On the other hand, its population aged 64 or younger increased marginally from 10.2 million in year 2000 to peak at about 10. 6 million in 2010 before declining marginally to about 10 million in 2025. There was a more rapid rate of decline in this population numbers since then and is projected to decrease by almost 40% to 6.4 million in 2060. (b) Account for the changes in Tokyo’s population distribution from 2000 to 2060 shown in Resource 4. [4] R4 shows that Tokyo’s elderly population aged 65 and older has been increasing while those aged 64 and younger has been decreasing. • The increasing proportion of people aged 65 and older can be attributed to the increase in life expectancy and lower mortality rate, including infant mortality rate. This is due to better access to food and nutrition, quality medical care and technology as well as better living conditions in the city such as proper hygiene and sanitation that have all prolonged the life span of its population. In the city with urban modern amenities and high quality of life , more living in Tokyo are able to meet their basic needs with less vulnerability to the spread of diseases. • The decreasing proportion of population aged 64 and younger can be attributed to the decline in fertility rate. DINKS (couples with dual income and no kids) in urban cities have urban mindsets and tend to prioritise career goals over setting up families, resulting in delay in marriage or preference to have nuclear families as they view children as financial burden . In addition, the result of feminisation of labour also saw women pursu ing their education and career goals and thus delaying their marriage, r esulting in shorter childbearing years . Al l these

4 contributed to Tokyo’s low fertility rate, and hence there are fewer younger people replacing the older population. (c) With reference to Resource 5, explain possible challenge