2023 VJC J1 Promos Insert

This document has 8 printed pages. VICTORIA JUNIOR COLLEGE 2023 JC1 Promotional Examinations H2 GEOGRAPHY 9173 INSERT ____________________________________________________________ READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and index number on the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. Answer all questions. The Insert contains all the Resources referred to in the questions. You should make reference to appropriate examples studied in the field or the classroom, even where such examples are not specifically requested by the question. Diagrams and sketch map should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate and answer. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation of your answers. At the end of the examination fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. ___________________________________________________________________________

2 Resource 1 For Question 1 Agriculture’s contribution to greenhouse gas emissions in 2015

3 Resource 2 for Question 1 Distribution of climate change sensitivities* in India *Sensitivity is the degree to which a region gets affected by climate -related stimuli, such as climate variability and the frequency and magnitude of extremes events like cyclone and drought. It is determined by demographic and environmental conditions of the region.

3 Resource 3 for Question 1 Some extreme weather events in India caused by climate change

5 Resource 4 for Question 2 China’s projected energy source in 2025 and 2060 52 18 10 4 3 2 3 8 China's projected energy source in 2025 (%) Coal Oil Natural Gas Wind Nuclear Biomass Solar Hydro 3 8 3 24 19 5 23 15 China's projected energy source in 2060 (%) Coal Oil Natural Gas Wind Nuclear Biomass Solar Hydro

6 Resource 5 for Question 2 Life cycle of coal from extraction to electricity

7 Resource 6 for Question 2 Location of hydropower dams along Mekong River *PNPCA - Procedures for Notification, Prior Consultation and Agreement; PNPCA are primarily based on Article 5 of the 1995 Mekong Agreement in which the Member Countries agree “to utilize the waters of the Mekong River system in a reasonable and equitable manner.”

8 Resource 7 for Question 2 An article on the impacts of hydropower dams in Mekong River Hydropower dams have had a dramatic effect on the Mekong river over the last two decades. Exacerbated by climate change and a lack of cross -border communication, the cumulative effects of mainstream dams present a danger to the forests, mangroves and fisheries that depend on the Mekong ’s waters. The sediment that has flowed from Yunnan province in China to Vietnam for thousands of years has been severely depleted due to the relatively recent spate of hydropower dams built on the Chinese stretch of the river. This has resulted in the collapse of riverbanks downstream in highly populated areas of the Mekong delta, causing homes and roads to be washed away. Upstream fish migration is hindered by dams when the fish cannot get over the spillway or through turbines. Hydropower can also prevent downstream migration, with larvae and adult fish unable to cross the dam itself or navigate large bodies of standing water created by the dams. The Mekong’s wider biodiversity relies heavily on the natural and predictable flooding and receding, or pulse, of the river’s waters. Beach-nesting birds and fish are seriously impacted by unseasonable flooding of the Mekon g caused by dams. Mekong civil society groups are urging governments to shift their Mekong River policy towards protecting ecosystems and promoting environmental justice. They want to reverse the current stance towards hydropower investment in favour of protecting the river’s rich biological treasures and unique ecosystems, as well as the environmental rights of local communities across the region. “Phenomena such as unseasonal fluctuations in the water level result from the dams on the river, but the governments of the Mekong countries are silent on this matter. The governments of the Mekong region normally view the river merely in terms of economic development and investment opportunity, while overlooking other vital values such as it being and importa nt source of food and income for the people a cradle of diverse Mekong cultures, and the river being one of the major biodiversity hotspots of the world,” said Ms Chanang, one of the representatives of the civil society groups. Source: TheThirdPole.Net