tourism notes

t our ism 1 tourism tourism is a system more than 24 hours, less than one year to be considered a tourist domestic tourism → travelling within the country, passport not needed. you become a tourist so long as you are travelling for leisure, recreation, or other purposes international tourism → travelling to other countries, passport required the tourist system tourist generating regions: where tourists and tourism businesses may be based tourist destination regions: where the tourists are attracted to. located here are attractions, amenities and facilities which cater to the needs of tourists, TDRs experiences the consequences of tourism development tourist transit regions: the region which the tourist travels through to reach their destination, includes stopover points which can be used for convenience/existence of attractions. this region links the TDRs and the TGRs a l l t h r e e r e g i o n s a r e i n t e r c o n n e c t e d

t our ism 2 why do people move from tourist generating and destination regions each tourist’s decision to travel is based on different combinations of push-pull factors pull factors push factors → affordable → new experiences → abroad family → relax → culture → weather → tourist attractions → stressful work environments → weather → lack of recreation and entertainment options → events/festivals (F1) → unpleasant living environment (bedbug infestation in France → medical healthcare tourism-nature interactions within the local environment positive effects: pay locals to teach them about local traditions → higher revenue/more job opportunities →contributes to local economy negative effects: they leave behind waste when visitng a nature park → degrades environment environments are impacted beyond the tourism destination by tourism activities → tourism contributes to 8% of greenhouse gas emissions changes in nature, communities or ecosystems within the environment can affect the tourism system (and vice versa) economic downturn: less demand for travel → fewer tourists passing through transit routes, transit routes suffer → TDR also suffer, causes a decrease in income. on the positive side, there is now less damage done to the environment changes in TDR can also lead to changes: new attraction opens in TDR → tourists go back to their countries (TGR) and share positive experiences → attract more tourists → increased revenue for transit routes and TDRs

t our ism 3 ★☆★☆factors for tourism growth★☆★☆ motivation to travel ability to travel mobility in travel → need for relaxation → increase in disposable incomes → expanding transport services, infrastructure → need to achieve personal growth & fulfilment → increase leisure time → introduction of new modes of travel → need to discover unique travel experiences → business innovation in the tourism → increase private car ownership (increased due to globalization) → lower accommodation costs → lower transport costs (budget airlines?) the motivation to travel created by a combination of push and pull factors has increased due to globalization → greater access to media sources → more aware of different travel opportunities the need for relaxation increasing pressures of work and hectic lifestyles to motivate people to travel to relief stress people travel to different destinations and engage in different tourist activities to relax : for relaxing→ one of the main reasons british tourists visit phuket, thailand is to rest and relax in its famous scenic beaches : recreational activities → more than 18 million people were welcomed into USS in 2018 the need to achieve personal growth and self fulfilment travelling is considered a way for self-growth and to achieve their fullest potential allows people to develop themselves further by learning something new/improving existing knowledge or skills

t our ism 4 may choose a destination where they can pick up new skills (e.g. farming/cooking local cuisines) they may also participate in activities that are challenging/adventurous (e.g. skydiving/mountain climbing) they are being stretched physically and emotionally → achieve personal growth the need to discover unique travel experiences (tourist type: venturers) some travel to gain unique travel experiences to satisfy their curiosity travelling lets them explore different environments and cultures seek places that are less well known and participate in activities that are less common social media has raised interest in unique destinations especially among younger travelers due to globalization (how trade and technology makes the world more connected) different motivations to travel individuals have varying needs → motivation to travel differs for everyone they might travel for relaxation, or to fulfil their curiosity about places that are less commonly visited they will therefore participate in different activities to cater to their various motivations → scuba diving in bali: fulfils need for relaxation and need for unique travel experiences → whale watching need for relaxation and self-fulfillment by getting to experience sightings of majestic animals first hand how an increase in ability to travel leads to growth of tourism ability to travel: conditions that allow an individual to make trips (e.g. increase in disposable income and leisure time. lower accommodation and travel costs, business innovations in the tourism-related industry) increase in disposable income economic development after WWII lead to an increase in disposable income in North America, Western Europe and Japan

t our ism 5 → GDP and china quadrupled and international tourism increased from 9M departures (1999) to 154M departures (2019) increase in leisure time refers to the time when people are free from work responsibilities governments have given increasing amount of leisure time for people in both developed and less developed places in the form of increased pay leave, more public holidays and shorter working weeks → people have more time to travel increase in paid leave also allow people to finance their travel → employers were encouraged by the chinese government to give the workers half a day of paid leave during the summer to boost domestic tourism business innovations in the tourism related industry ability to travel is made possible because of business innovations that provide value-for- money experiences businesses offering more affordable travel options → increased tourism demands tour operators are being replaced by a variety of websites and applications that provide more personalized and value-for-money travel experiences → expedia, trivago: search engines specifically for tourists to compare reviews and prices and book directly on the websites lower transport costs international tourism relies heavily on air transport, which has become increasingly affordable budget airlines offer air tickets at significantly lower prices → lowering transport costs ( esp for international travel) they do this by using fuel-efficient planes → reduced fuel costs, and fly to airports with cheaper fees → budget airlines like airasia and scoot offer significantly lower prices and