Zistory History Cheat Sheet (ignore SEA chapters for Elective)

zistory! OLevel HistorySummaryPureandElective(Upper Sec) Summaryfor Ch1, 2—Colonial Historyof SEA4reasonsforBritishinterventioninMalaya EconomicopportunitiesforBritishtrade;Developmentsinlocalcircumstances;CompetitionfromotherEuropeanpowers;ChangeinBritishcolonialpolicy 2historicaldetailsforeconomicopportunitiesforBritishtrade IndustrialRevolution(1750):tin-platingandtin-canningindustriesboomed,highdemandandlimitedsupply,thereforehighcostofBritishtin,juxtaposedbyMalaya'srichtinreserves,littletonolocaldemand,lowdemandandabundantsupply,thereforelowercostandsteadysupplyofMalayantin OpeningofSuezCanal(1869):reducedtraveltimebetweenBritainandMalayafrom4monthsto6weeks,encouragedBritishexpansionastheBritishwantednewbasesintheregiontofendoffpiracy 2historicaldetailsfordevelopmentsinlocalcircumstances LarutWars(1861-73):betweenGheeHinsandHaiSans,Chinesetin-minersintheLarutdistrictofPerak Successiondisputes:betweenSultanIsmailandSultanAbdullahinPerak ChangeinBritishcolonialpolicy Before1873:Freetrade,nooverseaspossessions! Duetochangeingovernment, After1873:Pro-imperialism,canboostBritishprestige! 2historicaldetailsforcompetitionfromotherEuropeanpowers Bylate1860s,FrenchextendingintoIndochina+DutchinDutchEastIndies Abdullah'slettertoSirAndrewClarke-Aim+2controversiesintheletter Aim:toseekhelpfromBritaintoresolveunrestinPerak"protection"-->whattypeofprotection?money,military,ortotalprotection?"showusagoodsystemofgovernment"-->ClarkeincludedResidencyclauseinPangkorTreaty 3mainclausesofPangkorTreaty -Recognitionandcompensation:RecogniseAbdullahasSultan,compensateIsmailbygivinghimSultanMuda-IntroductionofaResident:Resident'sadvicetobesoughtandacteduponforallmattersexceptreligiousorcustomarymatters-RoleofResident:ProvideadviceonrevenuecollectionandgeneraladministrationofPerak ImmediatePOSITIVEoutcomeofBritishinterventioninPerak(3differentoutcomes) 1.EstablishmentofpeacethroughthePangkorTreaty2.Eventualacceptancefromthecolonialoffice3.EstablishmentoftheCommissionforthePacificationofLarut 1Telegram: https://t.me/zivstoryNot for sale.

zistory! OLevel HistorySummaryPureandElective(Upper Sec) ImmediateNEGATIVEoutcomeofBritishinterventioninPerak(2differentoutcomes) 1.NegativeresponsefromMalaychiefs2.Initialdiscontentmentfromcolonialoffice 2politicalimpactsofBritishrule IntroductionofResidentialSystem;EstablishmentofFMS(1895)andUFMS(1905) 2keyplayersinResidentialSystem -Birch:StartedinNov1874-->UnsuccessfulResident-->MurderedinNov1875-->PerakWarfrom1875to1876-HughLow:Startedin1877-->SuccessfulResident-->Peace,stabilityandprosperityofPerak-Birchwasradicalinabolishingdebt-slavery,HughLowwastactfulandeventuallysuccessfullyabolisheditin1884. FMS(1895) Pooledresourcestogethertostandardiseprogress;ReducedpowerofResidents-->Betteradministrativeefficiency,helpedpoorerstates-->Res-Gentobeappointed;DurbartobeestablishedwiththeSultansofall4states-->Powercentralisedinthehandsofthefederalgovernment,moreorganised;Sultansandchiefsevenlessinvolvedinadministrationofthestates,couldonlymakedecisionsaboutcustomaryandreligiousmatters UFMS(2maintypes) -NorthernMalaystates(1909):Kedah,Perlis,Kelantan,Terengganu(vassalstatesofSiam)oftenactedindependently,someSultansgrantedeconomicconcessionstootherEuropeanpowers(e.g.rumoursofGermanyandRussiatryingtoestablishportsinthesestates),causingBritishfearofcompetition,hencein1909,BangkokTreatywassignedforSiamtotransferallrightsintheseNorthernMalaystatestotheBritish-Johor(1914):Before1914,ruledbyTemenggongrecognisedbyRaffles,butBritishgrewunhappywithTemenggong'spoliciesin1895,hencesendingaBritishadvisor(equivalenttoResident)in1914 4economicimpactsofBritishrule Standardisationofcurrencies;Growthanddevelopmentofcashcropandmineralindustries;Infrastructuraldevelopment;Creationofanexport-orientedeconomy Standardisationofcurrencies -Before1899:Useofdifferentcurrenciese.g.SpanishdollarinStraitsSettlements,KepinginKelantanandTerengganu,privatebanksissuedownnotes-After1899:BritishsetupCurrencyBoardtostandardisecurrencies,onlyCurrencyBoardcouldissuenotes,startedissuingStraitsdollarnotes Growthanddevelopmentofcashcropandmineralindustries Cashcrop(Rubber):FundedbyEuropeanbusinessmenwhoinvestedinlargeplantationestates,introducedmoremodernproductionmethods,about300acres(1897) →50,000acres(1905)Mineral(Tin):Largetin-miningcompaniesinMalayawereinthehandsofEuropeanbusinessmen,purchasedlatestandmostsophisticatedequipment(e.g.tindredges),increasedproductionoftin,about25,000tonnes(1889) →70,000tonnes(1929)Totalrevenuefrombothindustries:About10mil.Straitsdollars(1896) →About20mil.Straitsdollars(1902) 2Telegram: https://t.me/zivstoryNot for sale.

zistory! OLevel HistorySummaryPureandElective(Upper Sec) Infrastructuraldevelopment -FirstrailwaylineinMalayaopenedin1885,connectedTaipinginLaruttoPortWeld(transportationoftin)-FMSimprovedcoordinationofrailwaylines(jobswerecreated+rural-urbanmigrationincreased) Creationofanexport-orientedeconomy -Shiftfromsubsistence-basedeconomytoexport-orientedeconomy-Britishgovtleasedoutlandcheaplyforcultivation,Europeaninvestorsfundedtheplantations,Increasedexportofcashcropsandrawmaterialse.g.tin,rubber,coffee,tobaccotootherpartsoftheworld-Vulnerabletoeconomicchangese.g.GD,1929aswagesdependedonpricesofgoodsexportedthatroseandfellaccordingtoglobaldemand 3socialimpactsofBritishrule Growthofpluralsocietyandtownships;Improvementsinhealthcarestandards;Growthofeducation Growthofpluralsocietyandtownships -Openmigrationpolicy→Pluralityincreasedwhenmorefemaleimmigrantswereallowed,startingfamiliesinMalaya-1800:mostlyMalays →1941:onlyabout40%Malays,slightlymoreChinese,10%Indians-Chineseimmigrants:prominentbusinessmene.g.YapAhLoy,aKapitanChina+middlemenatportsandretailersofcommercialgoods-Indianimmigrants:Indenturedlabourersworkedonplantations+UrbanIndianseducatedinEnglish,tookupjobsinlegalprofession,civilservice,privateindustries+Indianbusinessmenandphilanthropistse.g.ThamboosamyPillai-Indonesianimmigrants:SimilarcustomsaslocalMalays,integratedeasily,settledalongWestcoast(Johor,NegeriSembilan,Selangor,Perak),engagedinagriculturalactivities Improvementsinhealthcarestandards -Early19thcentury:Malariawascommon,beri-beriwasrampantamongChinesetinminers.-Late19thcentury:Britishofficialsinvestedwealthfromtinandrubberindustriesintohealthcare.Sanitaryboardssetuptoregulatepubliccleanliness.Hospitalsbuiltintowns,mostlyalongtheWestcoast.(healthcareinNorthernandEasternMalayaremainedsub-par) Growthofeducation -Westerncolonialeducation:BritishranafewEnglishschoolstomeetdemandforEnglish-speakingclerksinBritishadministration.MostlyavailabletoonlywealthyorMalayaristocrats.WealthymembersofIndianandChinesecommunitiesalsosentkidsthere.Providedsocialmixingamongdifferentraces.However,formedaneliteclass,causingsocialsegregationalonglinesofsocialclass.-Littleefforttoprovideeducationforthemasses:TamilschoolsstartedbyChristianmissionariesduetopressurefromIndians,qualitywaslowduetolackoffunding;Chinese-mediumschoolswereproductsofphilanthropicendeavours,oftenutilisedcurriculafromChina,laterbecameavenuestospreadoverseasnationalist,anti-British,anti-colonialideals;CompulsoryandfreeeducationgiventoMalaysduetoBritishmoralduty,syllabileanedtowardsruralwayoflifee.g.farming 4reasonsforDutchextensionfromJavatotheouterislands Demandforrawmaterialsandcashcrops;Needtofacilitateprivateenterprises;CompetitionamongEuropeanpowers;WhiteMen’sBurden 3Telegram: https://t.me/zivstoryNot for sale.

zistory! OLevel HistorySummaryPureandElective(Upper Sec) Demandforrawmaterialsandcashcrops -SuezCanal(1869):IncreaseddemandforIndo’srawmaterialsandcashcrops,increasedeconomicbenefits-Valuableresourcesinouterislands(e.g.oil,tin,rubber)thatarenotfoundinJava Needtofacilitateprivateenterprises -LiberalPolicy:Endgovt.monopolyoncashcrops;ImprovelivingstandardsofthosewhosufferedunderCultivationSystem;ReformIndo.economy-AgrarianLaw:Allowedindividualsandprivateenterprisestoleaselandfromgovt.foragricultureforupto75years;Increasedownershipbyprivatecompanies-SugarLaw:EnabledprivateenterprisestoestablishsugarplantationsinO