Geography SEC 2 CHPT 2-6 CONDENSED

GeographyCHAPT2-HowcanwesustainablymanagenaturalresourcesWhatisaresource-AmaterialthatisidentifiedbypeopletobeusefulEg.Metal,plasticHowdopeopleidentifyresources-Aresourcetoonegroupofpeoplemightnotbetoanothergroup,Culture&techcanshapehowwedecidewhetheranobjectisaresourceWhatsanaturalresource-UsefulmaterialsfoundonearththatareproducedbyoccurringnaturalprocessesHowaretheyclassifiedRenewable-Materialsthatarereplenishednaturallywithinthesametimeperiodtheyareused(unlimited)Non-Renewable-Materialswhichmaynotbeabletoreplenishednaturally/inthesametimeperiodtheyareused,replenishingtheresourcetakesalongtimebeyondtheperiodused,thusitsavailabilityislimitedHowcanweusenaturalresourcessustainablyConservebyreducingourconsumptionofproducts,whichinturnreducesthenumberofnaturalresourcesused.Reusingaproductreducestheneedtobuyorusematerials.Recyclingturnsusedmaterialsintonew&usefulones,whenwerecyclewereducetheneedtominefornewresources&Recoverresources,saveontheuseofelectricityasittakeslessenergytorecyclethantocreateanewproduct.Technologicaldevelopmentcaninfluenceourabilitytomakeuseofresources&increasetheeciencyofusingresourcessothatwecanreduceourenvironmentalfootprinteg.solarpanelsPeoplesviewofnaturalresourcesNaturecentred-Thinkthattheenvironmentshouldbepreserved,protected&retainedinitsoriginalstate,useoftheenvironmentshouldbeminimisedHumancentred-Thinkstheenvironmentisvaluablebecausehumanscanobtainmaterialsfortheiruse&benefit,aremotivatedtofindwaystoextractnaturalresourcestoenhancetheirpersonalwell-being.Whichinturnnegativelyimpacttheavailabilityofresources&thephysicalenvironmentChapt3-Water&itsspatialdistributionWaterstores-Theyareplaceswherewaterisfound&canbecategorisedasfreshwater(Glaicers,rivers,lakes,groundwater,soils)&saltwaterstores(Oceans).Waterstoresarenotevenlydistributedonearthssurface,thoughwatercanmovefrom1storetoanotherthroughflowsOceans-Largemassesofwaterthatare connectedtooneanother,theoceansintheworldare,ThePacific,Atlantic,Indian,Arctic,AntarcticOceanGlaciers-Largemassesoficethatrestonlandorfloatinsea,foundinplacesthatsnowthroughouttheyearsothatenoughsnowaccumulatestohardenintoice,theymoveslowlyastheyareveryheavyLakes-Waterbodiessurroundedbyland,maygetwaterfromrain,snoworriversRivers-NaturalwideflowsoffreshwaterthroughlandthatstorewatertemporarilybeforeitflowsinanotherwaterbodySoil-Loosetopmostareaofearthsurfacewhereplantsgrow.Whenitrains,waterpassesthroughthesoilthroughpores.Waterthat’sstoredinthesoiliscalledsoilmoisture,waterthatpassesthroughsoilformswhenapartofthewaterflowstothebedrockbeneath.Fillingthegapsupwithwater.(Groundwater)Hydrologicalcycle-AsequenceofprocessesthatoccurtoensurewaterisnaturallyreplenishedonearthPercipitation-Waterfallsasrainorsnow(ifairiscoolenough)Groundwater-Waterthatseepsintothegroundmaybeabsorbedbyplants/storedasgroundwaterSurfacerunoff-Waterflowsfromhighlands&overintostreams&riversEvaporation-Thesunsheatcauseswatertoevaporate.WaterchangesintoavapourTranspiration-PlantsgiveoutwatervapourthroughleavesCondensation-Warmmoistaircoolsasitrises,vapourchangesintowaterdroplets.LargeamountsofdropletsgathertoformcloudsWaterbudget-Describestheflowofwaterin&outofacatchmentarea.Musthaveabalancedinput&outputtoavoidwatersurplus/deficit Chapt4-Relationofwaterwiththeenvironment&peopleHowdoesvariationsinprecipitationaffecttheavailabilityofwater-ThismayresultindroughtsorfloodsdependingiftoomuchortoolittleprecipitationitreceivesFloods-Anoverflowofalargeamountofwaterontodryland.Canhappeninaformofflashfloods&riverfloods

Flashfloods-Causesbyexceptionallyheavyrainfalloverashortperiodoftime.Oftenoccurindryareaswithnotenoughsoilorvegetationtoallowrainwatertoinfiltratetheground,causingsurfacerunoffwhichfloodslowlyingareasRiverfloods-Typicallycausedbyheavyrainfallormeltwaterproducedwhensnow/icestartstomelt.Largeamountsofwaterenterstreams,whichflowsintorivers.Waterlevelinriversriserapidly&evantuallyoverflowsthebanks,floodingthesurroundingareasDroughts-Alongperiodoftimewithlittleornorainfallinaspecificarea.Droughtsmaylastformonthsoryears,causingtheareatobedrierthannormal.Waterstoreswouldstarttodryup,reducingtheamtofwateravailableforhumanuseHowdopeopleusewaterDomestic-Usingwaterforhomeactivities(Bathing,cooking&flushingaccountforthehighest%sofdomesticwateruseRecreation-Enablespeopletocarryoutcertainrecreationalactivities(fishing/canoeing)Agriculture-Largestuseofwaterworldwide,usedtogrowcrops&rearanimalsIndustry-Usedtocoolequipmentastheygeneratealotofheat&usedasacleaningagentinwaferfabricationHowdoeshumanactionsleadtowaterpollution&itsassociatedimpactWaterpollutionoccurswhenharmfulsubstancesenterwaterbodies&causewaterqualitiestofall.Thisposesathreattoaquaticlife. ⅓ofriversinAfrica&Asia,eventhoughtheyareasourceofwaterformillions Chapt5-TropicalRainforestsTropicalRainforestsandclimatesWhatisthetropicalclimateClimatereferstotheaverageweatherconditionsofaplaceoveralongperiodoftime,usuallymorethan30years,Theclimateexperiencedbythetropics arefoundneartheequator betweenthetropicofcancer&capricornWhataretropicalrainforestsandwherearetheyfoundThetropicalrainforestisthemaintypeofnaturalvegetationfoundinpartsoftheworldthatexperiencethetropicalclimate.TropicalrainforestscanbefoundinCentralandSouthAmerica,West&CentralAfrica,South&SoutheastAsia.MostoftheseregionsarelocatedveryclosetotheequatorCharacteristicsofTropicalRainforestsReceivesabundantsunlightandhighrainfallthroughouttheyear,makingthemverysuitableforplantgrowthThevastmajorityoftropicalrainforestsplantsareevergreen.Theydon'tshedalltheirleavesataparticulartimeoftheyear.Theycontinuouslygrowtheleavesthattheyhaveshed.ThisisunliketreesoftemperatedeciduousforestsinEuropewhichshedtheirleavesbeforewinterThefavourableconditionsoftherainforestshoststhemostplantspeciesForeststructureUndergrowthlayer(0-20m)Foundbeneaththecanopylayer.Verylittlesunlightisabletoreachthislayer.NotmanyplantsareabletogrowhereexceptsmalleronesandthoseabletogrowintheshadeVegetationisrelativelysparsebutwhenthere’sgapsinthecanopy,certainspeciestakeadvantageofthissituationbyquicklyfillinginthesegapsCanopylayer(20-30m)Wheremostrainforesttreesgrowtothisheight,theircrownsinterlockingtoformathickmassofbranchesandleaves.Itprevents97-98%ofthelightfrompassingthroughtoreachtheforestfloorEmergentLayer(30-50m)ThetallesttreesintherainforestsgrowtothisheightHowplantsadapt-BroadleavesLargesurfacearea=Absorbsthemostsunlightaspossiblethusmakesmorefoodforitssurvival&growth-WaxyleavesGlossyappearancethusReducestheamtofwatervapouritlosestotheatmospherethroughtranspirationasaresultofhightempintherainforests-DriptipsSmallnarrowtipsthatpointdowntoallowrainwatertoflowoffthemeasilyinordertopreventgrowthoffungiorbacteria-ButtressrootsKeepthetreeuprightandpreventthemfromtippingoverastheyhaveshallowrootswhichdon’textendverydeepWhataremangrovesandwherearetheyfound

Mangrovesarefoundalongandveryneartothecoast.Theyaremadeupofagroupofplantscalledmangroveswhichareabletogrowinwatersthathasahighersalinitycomparedtofreshwater,mangrovespeciesareabletogrowinfreshwaterareasaswell buttheygrowbetterinwaterswithhighsalinityduetothelackofcompetitionfromothertypesofplantsinthesetypeofconditionsMostareaswheremangroveforestsarefoundexperiencetropicalclimate.Thisisbecausemangroveplantsareunabletowithstandtemperaturesunder20,theyalsogrowincalmwaterconditionssothattheirseedlingsrootthemselvesanddon'tgetwashedawaybystrongwaves.Theyalsoencouragetheaccumulationoffinesedimentscontainingnutrients,Whichtheyrequiretosustaintheirgrowth.Hence,theyareusuallyfoundonlyinshelteredenvironmentsalong/veryclosetothecoast,suchasshallowrivermouthsorbehindislandsCharacteristicsLowerlyingpartsofthecoast,whichareclosertolowtidelevel,arefloodedforlongerperiodsoftimebythe tidecomparedtoareaswhicharefurtherinlandandclosertohightidelevel,Mangroveplantsthatareabletotoleratehighsalinitylevelsandlongerperiodsofflooding arethusfoundclosesttothelowtidelevelsuchgroupsofspeciestypicallyincludesonneratiaandavicennia.Ontheotherhand,othergroupsofspecieswhicharenottolerantoftheseconditionssuchasRhizophoraandbruguieraarefoundclosertothehightidelevelinstead,whereth