RVHS 3. Carbohydrates

River Valley High School 1 2025 JC1 H2 Biology Lecture Topic 3: Biomolecules of Life - Carbohydrates River Valley High School 2025 JC1 H2 Biology Lecture Topic 3: Biomolecules of Life - Carbohydrates Name: ( ) Class: 25J__ Date: References Title Authors Biology (9th Edition) Campbell and Reece Biological Science 1. Organisms, Energy and Environment (3rd Edition) Taylor, Green, Stout and Soper Longman A-Level Course in Biology: Core Syllabus Vol. 1 Hoh Understanding Biology for Advanced Level (4th Edition) G. Toole and S. Toole H2 Biology Syllabus 9477 (2025) Candidates should be able to use the knowledge gained in the following section(s) in new situations or to solve related problems. Related Topics Concepts Biomolecules of Life and Cellular Transport The structure of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins and their roles in living organisms Transformation of Energy between the Environment and Organisms Synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water during photosynthesis The need for energy in living organisms Learning Outcomes 1B. Biomolecules of Life and Cellular Transport g. Describe the structure and properties of the following monomers: i. α-glucose and β-glucose (in carbohydrates) ii. glycerol and fatty acids (in lipids) iii. amino acids (in proteins) (chemical formulae of specific R-groups of different amino acids are not required) h. Describe the formation and breakage of the following bonds: i. glycosidic bond ii. ester bond iii. peptide bond i. Describe the structures and properties of the following biomolecules and explain how these are related to their roles in living organisms: i. starch (including amylose and amylopectin) ii. cellulose iii. glycogen iv. triglyceride v. phospholipid For practical, candidates should be able to: • carry out tests for reducing and non -reducing sugars using acid hydrolysis and Benedict’s solution (including quantitative use of the Benedict’s test) and the iodine in potassium iodide solution test for starch.

River Valley High School 2 2025 JC1 H2 Biology Lecture Topic 3: Biomolecules of Life - Carbohydrates Lecture Outline I. Biomolecules II. Importance of Carbohydrates III. Nature of Carbohydrates IV. Monosaccharides A. Aldose vs Ketose B. Linear vs Ring Structures C. Isomerism:  vs  Isomers V. Disaccharides VI. Polysaccharides A. Storage Polysaccharides – relating structure to function B. Structural Polysaccharides – relating structure to function I. Biomolecules • The enormous diversity of molecules in organisms fall into four main classes: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids • These molecules are involved in maintenance and metabolic processes of all living things, and are known as biological molecules. • Three of the four classes of biological molecules - carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids - are chain-like molecules called polymers.