YIJC [H2] CI2.5_Gene Expression and Regulation II (N)(S)(wo checkpoint answers)

2024 JC1 BIOLOGY LECTURE NOTES CORE IDEA 2: GENETICS AND INHERITANCE TOPIC 2.5: GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATION (PART 2) (TRANSLATION & TRANSLATIONAL + POST-TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL) Learning Outcomes: (c) Describe how the information on DNA is used to synthesize polypeptides in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (description of the processes of transcription, formation of mRNA from pre-mRNA and translation is required) (j) explain how differential (i.e. spatial and temporal) gene expression in eukaryotes can be regulated at different levels: (iv) translational level (half-life of RNA and initiation of translation) (v) post-translational level (biochemical modification and protein degradation) Use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems. Textbooks and References Campbell, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Reece (2018) Biology – A Global Approach (11th Edition)(Global Edition) Chapter 17: Expression of Genes pg. 397 – 406, Chapter 18: Control of Gene Expression pg. 427 - 429 (Pearson Publication) ISBN-10 1-292-17043-3 Note: This textbook is available in our library. You may wish to borrow them to supplement your reading when necessary. H2

2 Contents 1 The Genetic Code: A Blueprint for Life .................................................................................... 3 1.1 Codons: The Language of the Genetic Code ................................................................. 3 1.2 Amino Acids: The Building Blocks of Proteins................................................................ 4 1.3 How the Genetic Code Works ........................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 Transcription: Copying the Code from DNA to RNA .................................. 4 1.3.2 Translation: Reading the Code to Build Proteins ....................................... 5 1.4 Main features of the Genetic Code .................................................................................. 5 2 TRANSLATION ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Amino acid activation.......................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Structure and Function of Ribosomes ........................................................................... 10 2.3 Steps in Translation .......................................................................................................... 11 2.4 Polyribosomes ............................................................................................................... 14 3 Regulation at Translational Level ........................................................................................... 16 3.1 Half-life of mRNA (mRNA Stability) ................................................................................ 17 3.1.1 Length of poly