[JPJC2025] J2 H2 History Paper 1 Prelim

Name: __________________________________________ Class: _____________ JURONG PIONEER JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 Preliminary Examination 2025 HISTORY 9174/01 Higher 2 2 September 2025 Paper 1 The Changing International Order (1945 – 2000) 3 hours Additional materials: Answer Booklet READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST An answer booklet will be provided with this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper, ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 6 printed pages and 2 blank pages. [Turn over

2 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE FALL OF THE IRON DIVIDE 1 Read the sources and answer the questions that follow. Source A US-Soviet relations had come full circle in 1983. Europeans were declaring the outbreak of a Cold War II, and President Mitterrand compared the situation to the 1962 Cuban Crisis and the 1948 Berlin Blockade. Nowhere in the world were the superpowers squared off in a conflict likely to erupt into war. A substantial period of détente had come and gone. The Second Cold War was mainly a war of words. In March, President Reagan referred to the Soviet Union as the “focus of evil in the world” as an “evil empire”. General Secretary Andropov suggested Reagan was insane and a liar. Then things got nasty. Following Andropov’s lead and no doubt his direction, the Soviet media launched a verbal offensive of a kind not seen since Stalin. Reagan was repeatedly compared to Hitler and accused of “fanning the flames of war”. An extract from an article, 1996. Source B Gorbachev: From our discussion, I conclude that the US wants to reserve the possibility of conducting tests of the SDI program not only in the laboratory but also outside, in the air and in space. If that's so, there can be no agreement between us. Reagan: But you have to understand that experimentation and research cannot always be kept within the laboratory; sometimes it is simply necessary to go outside the laboratory. Gorbachev. You must understand me. We are agreeing to deep reductions and, ultimately, the destruction of nuclear weapons. And at the same time, the American side is pushing us to agree to give them the right to create space weapons. That is unacceptable to us. If you will agree to restricting research work to the laboratory, not letting it out into space, I will be ready in two minutes to sign the appropriate formulation and adopt the document. Reagan: I can't go along with that… Gorbachev: All right, then, let's end it here. What you propose is something we cannot go along with. I've said all I can. Extracted from the Russian records of the last session at Reykjavik, 12 October 1986.

3 Source C In the West today, we see a free world that has achieved a level of prosperity and well - being unprecedented in all human history. In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even wants of the most basic kind. And now the Soviets themselves may, in a limited way, be coming to understand the importance of freedom. We hear much from Moscow about a new policy of reform and openness. Some political prisoners have been released. Certain foreign news broadcasts are no longer being jammed. Some economic enterprises have been permitted to operate with greater freedom from state control. Are these the beginnings of profound changes in the Soviet state? Or are they token gestures intended to raise false hopes in the West, or to strengthen the Soviet system without changing it? There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! Extracted from Ronald Reagan’s address at the Brandenburg Gate, 12 June 1987. Source D A political cartoon published in an American newspaper, 27 November 1987. [Turn over INF TREATY

4 Source E We need to define new thinking… We should present "the new us," show them how we are changing, how we comprehend the changing world, and how we develop along with it. The second part is to affirm that the new thinking, our new foreign policy, is fully connected with perestroika. Name the reductions that we are going to make unilaterally. The third part about the United Nations. Emphasise that it was created for cooperation and coordination. Show the UN role as an instrument of the new world. The fourth part. How do we see our contribution to the creation of the new world? We are not just calling for it, we are going to act. In the speech, we should present a set of responses to Western anxieties. We can already lean on some experience of work done according to the new thinking, we can show movement in the right direction. But they will believe us only when they see that we are making clearly evident, real steps. Extracted from Gorbachev’s conference with Soviet advisers to brainstorm on the content of his UN speech, 31 October 1988. Source F Reagan’s strategy in dealing with the Soviet Union and ending the Cold War involved reviving the US economy, restoring American self -confidence, rebuilding American military might, and working closely with our democratic allies. He then pressured the Soviet Union into an economically unsustainable arms race, engaged in proxy battles with them around the globe, and waged a successful propaganda war that pitted the political, religious, and economic liberties of the “free world” against the bankruptcy and tyranny of the “evil empire.” But when liberali sing Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the USSR in 1985, Reagan saw sooner than most of his advisors that here was a reformer with whom he could work to bring peace. Extracted from a book by William Inboden who served in the US State Department and the National Security Council under George Bush, 2022.

5 Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence presented in Sources A and B on superpower relations in the 1980s. [10] (b) How far do Sources A–F support the view that the end of the Cold War was primarily attributed to Reagan? [30] [Turn over

6 Section B You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2 To what extent did the Oil Crises shape the global economy from 1970 to 2000? [30] OR 3 ‘The economic transformation of Japan was primarily the result of state-led policies rather than external developments.’ How far do you agree with this view? [30] AND EITHER 4 How effective were the external actors in managing the Arab-Israeli conflict from 1948 to 1979? [30] OR 5 ‘Economic interests were the main cause of the Congo Crisis in 1960.’ How far do you agree? [30] END OF PAPER

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