central dogma CAQ

🪢 Protein synthesis amd central dogma Created Tags June 13 , 2025 1002 PM Pr ot ein synthesis amd central dogma 1

Questions regarding DNA structure Importance of the ratios of A to T and G to C to the structure of DNA The ratio of AT and CG is approximately 11 as specific complementary pairing occurs between A and T, C and G Hydrogen bonds hold two strands together which contributes towards the stability of the double helix A a purine 2 rings) is paired with a pyramidine 1 ring) which provides the same width of 2nm throughout double helix, contributing towards stability of DNA Structure of DNA that makes it stable as a hereditary material / contribute to its stability Numerous hydrogen bonds that hold the two DNA strands together via complementary base pairings to stabilise the structure of the DNA double helix prevents them from DNA separation DNA has a double helix structure to protect nitrogenous bases from degradation by preventing enzyme access to the bases and more resistant to mutations DNA is double strand and each strand can serve as a template to repair any DNA damage to maintain structure integrity amd can be replicated accurately or one strand can serve as a template for repair if the other has a mutation on it hence there is a backup code Numerous hydrogen bonds hold the two strands together and adjacent nucleotides in each strand in each strand are joined by strong covalent phosphodiester bonds in sugar phosphate backbones to prevent breaking up of DNA nucleotide sequences on the DNA strand, generations of coded information can be passed on to next generation without any loss Base stacking stabalises double helix through hydrophobic interactions between the planar structure of bases Lack of hydroxyl group at carbon 2 of deoxyribose reduces reactivity of DNA Pr ot ein synthesis amd central dogma 2

Hereditary material: Access to DNA is tightly regulated by histone proteins which packs and folds DNA to make it more compact into chromosomes to prevent DNA damage Coded information can be readily utilised as DNA strands are held by weak hydrogen bonds allowing the template strand to separate from non-template strand allowing transcription take place Complementary base pairings between complementary nucleotide sequences on each strands allow faithful transfer of information from DNA to RNA transcription, which will be translated to protein subsequently Describe structure of DNA Molecular level: DNA is a polymer of nucleotides Basic unit of DNA molecule is deoxyribonucleotides Nucleotides consists of a pentose sugar which is deoxyribose , phosphate group and a nitrogenous base Types of nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine Purines are nitrogenous bases with 2 rings while pyrimidines are nitrogenous bases with 1 ring. Purines are purer and have 2 virginity rings) Purines include Adenine and guanine while pyrimidines include thymine and cytosine Nitrogenous base is joined to