Respiration CAQ

🫁 Respiration Describe the role of NAD and FAD Organic molecules such as glucose oxidised during glycolysis, link reaction and Krebs Cycle and the electrons and protons from oxidation are transferred to the coenzyme NAD and FAD in order to reduce them to NADH and FADH2 respectively They serve as mobile electron and proton car to carry the high energy electrons and protons from these organic molecules to the electron transport chain and thus re-oxidising themself The high energy electrons in NADH and FADH2 are used to reduce electron carriers of the electron transport chain and the coenzymes reoxidises themself to form NAD to FAD The high energy electrons release energy as they are passed down the electron transport chain in order to provide energy for the electron carriers to actively pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the inter membrane space against its concentration gradient, establishing a proton gradient due to the impermeability of the inner mitochondria membrane, which is important for ATP synthesis as this series of redox reactions is coupled to phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP Re-oxidation of NADH and FADH2 allows regeneration of NAD and FAD, allowing it to pick up more protons and electrons from Krebs cycle, link reaction and glycolysis in order to continue the reactions Each reduced NAD yields 3 ATP Each reduced FAD in the matrix yield 2 ATP through oxidative phosphorylation During anaerobic respiration, re-oxidation of NaDH allows regeneration of NAD during fermentation to allow glycolysis to continue in order to produce ATP in absence of oxygen R espiration 1

The high energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 combines with oxygen, a final electron acceptor to form water During anaerobic respiration, electrons from NADH reduces pyruvate in the presence of lactate dehydrogenase to form lactate amd it also reduces ethanal in the presence of CO2 with ethanol Describe main stages of Krebs cycle Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and when oxygen is present Acetyl coA 2C produced during the link reaction combines with oxaloacetate(4C) to form citrate 6C Citrate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated to form, alpha-ketoglutarate 5C and NADH Each decarboxylation results in a loss of carbon to form CO2 Regeneration of oxaloacetate involves decarboxylation and dehydrogenation to yield 2 NADH and 1 FADH2 and 1 CO2 Electrons from glucose transferred to electron carriers NAD and FAD in order to reduce them NAD  2H  2e  NADH  H (or reduced NAD FAD  2H  2e  FADH (or reduced FAD 1 ATP is also produced through substrate-level phosphorylation during this regeneration process All carbon in glucose lost as carbon dioxide Overall,1 molecule of glucose forms 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP as Krebs cycle occurs twice per glucose molecule. How ATP is produced during anaerobic respiration / why does anerobic respiration only yield a small amount of ATP/ why only glycolysis occurs in anaerobic