Respiration_H2_2015

NANYANG JUNIOR COLLEGE H2 Biology Respiration J1/2015 1 RESPIRATION Learning Outcome Core Topic 6 – Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry Candidates should be able to: (d) List and give an overview of the 4 stages of aerobic respiration and indicate where each stage takes place in an eukaryotic cell and mitochondria, and add up the energy captured (as ATP, reduced NAD and FAD) in each stage. (e) Explain the production of a small yield of ATP from anaerobic respiration and the formation of ethanol in yeast and lactate in mammals. Content Outline 1. Introduction (a) The Need for Energy in Living Organisms (b) Overview of Cellular Respiration (c) Role of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) (d) Role of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) 2. Aerobic Respiration (a) Overview (b) Glycolysis (c) Link Reaction (d) Krebs Cycle (e) Oxidative Phosphorylation 3. Anaerobic Respiration (a) Alcoholic Fermentation (b) Lactic Fermentation 4. Regulation of Respiration 5. Respiratory Quotient 6. Respirometer 7. Comparison Tables (for Photosynthesis and Respiration) References 1. Campbell, N.A. & Reece, J.B. ( 2010) Biology . Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation. 9th Edition. Pearson Education Inc.

NANYANG JUNIOR COLLEGE H2 Biology Respiration J1/2015 2 1. Introduction (a) The Need For Energy in Living Organisms The life processes of every cell are driven by energy. Energy flows into the ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat while the chemical elements essential to life are recycled. Photosynthesis allows plants to convert energy from sunlight into chemical potential energy stored in organic molecules of food. Animals then obtain this energy by co nsuming plants and other animals. Cellular respiration is then carried out to break down these energy fuels into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which drives most cellular work. Living cells require ATP for energy -consuming activities such as assembling poly mers, pumping substances across membranes, moving and reproducing. Energy flow and chemical recycling in ecosystems (b) Overview of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the process by which chemical energy in organic molecules (e.g. carbohydrates, fats and proteins) is released by oxidation. The energy released is then used to generate ATP. Cellular respiration includes two processes: aerobic respiration (requires oxygen) and anaerobic respiration (does not require oxygen). The presence of oxygen, therefore, determines the type of respiration that will take place in the living cell.

NANYANG JUNIOR COLLEGE H2 Biology Respiration J1/2015 3 (c) Role of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is an instant source of energy found in all living cells and is therefore known as the universal energy carrier or energy currency in living organisms. Energy released during respiration, is thus s